Literature:
1.
Konrad Lorenz Aggression, 2001, pp. 36-144
2.
Nemov R.S. http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Psihol/rubin/17.php
3.
Rubinstein S. Fundamentals of general psychology
http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Psihol/rubin/17.php
4.
L.D. Stolyarenko et al. Psychology and Pedagogy, 2014, pp. 171-181
5.
Paul Ekman Psychology of Lies. Fool me if you can, St. Petersburg: Peter, 2010.- 304 p.

Psychology of emotions

Why are emotions needed?
Where did they come from?
What are the emotions?

Through cognitive processes we
reflect the world around us.
At the same time, each process contributes its own specific
contribution: sensations give us information
about individual properties and characteristics of objects and
phenomena, perception gives their holistic images,
memory stores what is perceived, thinking
recycles this material.
Thanks to will and vigorous activity,
a person carries out his plans.
At the same time, all our cognitive and
objective activity is unthinkable without
emotions and feelings.

Emotions are a special class of mental
processes and states in the form
direct subjective experiences
objects that have a significant effect on humans and
phenomena.
Emotions (lat. emovere - to excite,
worry) - states associated with assessment
significance for the individual acting on him
factors.
Specificity - expressed primarily in
form of direct experiences
satisfaction or dissatisfaction
current needs.
They are one of the main regulators
activities.

Emotional phenomena

3 components of emotion:
1)
2)
3)
Subjective tone
Behavioral manifestations
Physiological processes.

Facial expression (facial expressions)

Why are emotions needed?

Emotions express an evaluative attitude towards objects or
phenomena. This is the main function of emotions -
evaluative.
Other functions of emotions include:
Signal
Communicative (expressive) Incentive (mobilizing);
Synthesizing – (integration of emotions with cognitive
processes);
Regulatory
Adaptive (adaptive)

Emotions in the narrow sense are
situational nature,
evaluative attitude towards
folding or
possible situations.
Emotions are manifested in
expressive movements
(facial expressions - expressive
facial movements, pantomime
- expressive movements
whole body and vocal
facial expressions - expression of emotions
in intonation and timbre of voice).

Theories of emotions

Evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin
Emotions appeared in the process of evolution
living beings as vital
adaptive mechanisms,
promoting the body's adaptation to
conditions and situations of his life.
Bodily changes accompanying
various emotional states, in
particularly related to
corresponding emotions of movement,
according to Darwin, there is nothing more than
rudiments of real adaptive
body reactions.

Theories of emotions

Somatic theory of emotions by W. James –
K.G.Lange
According to this theory, emotional
sensation is a manifestation in consciousness
functional changes in the body,
occurring at the level of the autonomic nervous
systems. External irritation causes
reflex changes in activity
heart, breathing, blood circulation, tone
muscles, resulting in consciousness
different sensations are projected, from which
is the experience of emotions.
“We are sad because we cry, we are angry,
because we strike, we are afraid, because
we're shaking."

Theories of emotions

Information theory of emotions P.V. Simonova
“...emotion is a reflection in the human mind
quality and magnitude of any relevant
needs, as well as the likelihood of it
satisfaction, which the brain evaluates based on
genetic and previously acquired
individual experience."
The relationship between these variables is presented in
formula
E = f (P (In – Is))
where E is emotion, its degree, quality and sign; P - strength and
quality of actual need; (In-Is) - assessment
probabilities; In - information about the funds required
to satisfy a need; IS - information about
existing means that are actually available
subject.

Forms of manifestation of emotional states

Affect
Passion
Mood
Emotions (in the narrow sense)
Feelings

Affect is a violent short-term emotion,
usually arising in response to
strong irritant and completely
subjugating the consciousness and will of a person.
(intense anger, rage, horror, violent joy, deep grief,
despair).
Passion - strong, persistent,
dominant over others, feeling
person characterized by enthusiasm
or strong attraction to the object of passion
(people, objects, ideas)(passionate
fan, philatelist, poetry lover)

Mood is the longest lasting
emotional condition,
coloring human behavior.
Mood determines the overall tone of life
person. The mood depends on those
influences that affect personal
sides of a person, his basic values.
Not always the reason for one mood or another
is realized, but it is always there.

Feelings - the most stable emotional states are
subject nature. It's always a feeling for something, for someone
called
"higher"
emotions,
because the
arise
at
satisfying higher order needs

Moral feelings include: a sense of duty, humanity, goodwill, love, friendship, sympathy, etc.
Aesthetic feelings are a person’s emotional attitude towards
beautiful or ugly in surrounding phenomena, objects, in
people's lives, in nature and in art
Intellectual, or cognitive, feelings are called
experiences arising in the process of cognitive activity
person.
Practical, or praxis (“praxis”, from ancient Greek - action,
activity) feelings are an emotional response to all the wealth and
diversity of human activity. They are characterized by different
content and varying degrees of intensity depending on the forms,
the complexity of an activity and its significance for a person.

Izard K. Identifies 10 main (basic) emotions (Izard K. Psychology of emotions)

Joy
Astonishment
Sadness
Anger
Disgust
Contempt
Fear
Shame
Interest
Guilt

What are the emotions?

Anxiety is an emotional experience
discomfort associated with waiting
trouble, a premonition of impending
danger. Unlike fear as a reaction
to a specific, real danger T. the experience of an uncertain, diffuse,
objective threat.
Stress is a mental state
tension that arises in a person in
process of activity in the most
difficult, difficult conditions, as in
everyday life, as well as during special
circumstances.

Grief is a state of deep
sadness, grief.
Frustration - mental
condition caused by failure
in satisfying the need,
desires.

Resentment - initially: an event,
which is estimated as
unfair and
abusive attitude
damage to honor
(status). To date
the concept of resentment has become
vague, it may
mean both the event itself and
emotional experiences
(offender or person
who has suffered offense), and
possible reactions to the event
(for example, refusal to communicate with
person due to a quarrel).
it includes such
elements like self-pity,
hatred and vindictiveness

Elements of resentment

a) what the other should be or what should
be his behavior in accordance with mine
expectations.
b) perception of the real behavior of another
here and now;
c) the act of comparing the expectation model with the real one
behavior that resulted in
a discrepancy is detected and
painful experience.

Anger - negative
colored affect,
directed against
experienced
injustice, and
accompanied
desire to eliminate it

Envy is a feeling that arises in relation to someone who has something (material or intangible) that they want

possess envious, but not
possesses.

Jealousy - negative
feeling that comes with
perceived lack
attention, love, respect
or sympathy from the outside
a highly valued person
while it is imaginary or
someone else actually gets it from him.
Jealousy in the majority
cases represents
exclusive claim to
"possession" of another
the person with whom
there is an emotional
connection.

guilt - negative
emotional experience,
which as a consequence imposes on itself
the man himself commits it
unseemly act.
The guilt is like automated
functional mental system
operations that create guilt and shame, with
through which culture and
the people around us program
our behavior and even thoughts.
"Whenever my behavior
deviates from the expectations of others,
through which it acts
culture, I'm getting my dose
painful shock, called
feeling of guilt."

Elements of guilt

a) what should I be or what should mine be?
behavior in accordance with the expectations of another.
b) perception of my own state or
behavior here and now;
c) the act of comparing the expectation model with one’s own
behavior that results in
mismatch, the pain of which
supported by the appearance of the emotion of resentment on the face, in
words and behavior of another.

The knowledge of guilt consists in realizing these three
groups of operations performed by our mind, and
control them. Then it will be prevented
the appearance of guilt or its course is weakened.
Feelings of guilt can be useful for immature people:
then those who love can control their behavior without
punishing, but only being offended. Emotionally mature
people are guided by a sense of responsibility
conscious attitude towards social norms and
their behavior and willingness to pay for
planned or committed (for guilt).
Responsible people who are not inclined to worry about their
guilt is the Doers. People, it's hard and long
experiencing their guilt, but at the same time
irresponsible, who haven’t really done anything,
to correct the situation - these are the Experiencers.

Shame is a powerful emotion
whose purpose is to regulate
human behavior in
in accordance with the standards,
recorded in his Self-Concept.
Mismatch of self-concept with
by your real behavior
transforms into heavy
experience of shame. Sometimes it
described as wanting to fail
through the ground, hide,
disguise yourself.
Shame is your own
painful personal messages
to myself. Consequently
significant remorse appears
conscience and self-contempt.
Normally shame is important
element of human self-regulation.

Shame has three elements

a) what I should be like here and
now according to the self-concept;
b) what am I like here and now;
c) mismatch and its awareness.

Knowing shame is realizing
layers of the past and realize those acts that
create shame.
Confronting shame promotes development
self-esteem, strengthens the regulation of behavior, and
namely, his feedback. Thanks to the emotion of shame
a person develops the ability to evaluate
the consequences of their actions are greater than
if he were simply controlled by others.
Developing the Emotion of Shame Is Essential
condition for normal human development and
formation of individuality. But from that moment
how the personality developed and individuality
crystallized, she ceases to need this
emotions as a motivator of activity and behavior.
Shame should only be a signal that there is
and now I don’t correspond to my self-concept - and I don’t
moreover. And my actions are determined by reason and
consciousness of good.

Aggression is motivated behavior that causes harm
targets of attack causing physical damage
people or causing them psychological
discomfort (negative experiences, state
tension, fear, depression, etc.).

Contempt is a deeply disdainful attitude towards someone or something, complete indifference.

- negative feeling
strong form of rejection.
Disgust plays an important role in
self-preservation functions of the living
organisms. It allows
avoid infection, do not eat junk food and
dangerous food, and also preserve
own integrity, maintaining
inside is what should be inside
(for example, blood), and outside what should
be outside (eg feces).

Empathy

- emotional
human responsiveness
to the experiences of another
carried out in
elementary
(reflex) and in
higher personal
forms (sympathy,
empathy,
rejoicing).

Empathy -

Empathy understanding of emotional state
another person through
empathy, penetration into his
subjective world.
To be in a state of empathy means
perceive the inner world of another
all emotional and semantic
shades. (K. Rogers)

Perception of emotions
JOY
Delight
Hope
Pride
Tenderness
Gratitude
Delight
Love
Pacification
Tenderness
Serenity
Inspiration
Excitement
Rejoicing
Sympathy
Anticipation
ANGER
Irritation
Disturbance
Discontent
Disgust
Contempt
Rabies
Resentment
Anger
Annoyance
Envy
Indignation
Gloat
Dislike
Jealousy
SADNESS
Sadness
Disappointment
Yearning
Sympathy
Despair
Sorrow
Regret
Chagrin
A pity
Grief
FEAR
Anxiety
Anxiety
Horror
Panic
Fright
Excitement
Alertness
Fear
Fear
Trembling
SHAME
Guilt
Embarrassment
awkwardness
Inconvenience

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

2 slide

Slide description:

Lesson topic: “Emotions and feelings.” Lesson type: lesson-presentation of new material. Purpose of the lesson: to gain a general understanding of human emotions and feelings and systematize the knowledge gained; develop the ability to consciously express your emotions and feelings, emotional self-control skills; Lesson objectives: To form in students a general understanding of human emotions and feelings; develop communication skills and empathy properties.

3 slide

Slide description:

Emotions are the experiences of a particular person associated with the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of his interests. Under the influence of emotions, a person is capable of committing a heroic act or crime. The significance of emotions in a person’s life is expressed in their functions: reflective-evaluative (emotions evaluate the significance of objects and situations to achieve goals and meet the needs of the subject); motivating (from the assessment of what is happening comes the urge to action - attraction, desire, desire, directed towards or away from an object); - activating (directly related to incentive. Emotional states have different effects on the dynamics of activity, its pace and rhythm. Emotions of joy and confidence in success give a person additional strength and encourage more intense and strenuous work); regulatory (emotions influence the direction and implementation of the subject’s activity. The emergence of one or another emotional attitude towards an object, subject, phenomenon affects motivation at all stages of the activity); synthesizing (emotions connect, synthesize into a single whole separate events and facts associated in time and space); meaning making. (emotions serve as a signal of the meaning-forming power of the motive); - protective (such a strong emotional experience as fear warns a person about real or imaginary danger, thereby facilitating better thinking through the situation that has arisen, a more careful determination of the likelihood of success or failure. Thus, fear protects a person from unpleasant consequences, and possibly from death); expressive (emotions, due to their expressive component, take part in establishing contact with other people in the process of communicating with them and influencing them).

4 slide

Slide description:

Depending on the modality and quality of experience, K. Izard identified ten fundamental emotions. The first three emotions are considered positive, the remaining seven are considered negative. Interest-excitement is a feeling of capture, curiosity; this is the most frequently experienced positive emotion, which is an extremely important type of motivation in the development of skills, knowledge, and thinking. Interest is the only motivation that can support the implementation of everyday, habitual, routine work. A person experiencing an emotion of interest has a desire to explore, intervene, and expand his experience; approach a person or object that has aroused interest in a new way. With intense interest, a person feels inspired and revitalized.

5 slide

Slide description:

Joy is characterized by a feeling of confidence and significance, a sense of ability to cope with difficulties and enjoy life. Joy is accompanied by satisfaction with oneself, the people around you and the world. It is often accompanied by feelings of strength and energy. The consequence of the combination of joy and a sense of personal strength is the connection of joy with feelings of superiority and freedom, the feeling that a person is greater than he is in his usual state. Joy is the feeling that arises when you realize your potential. Obstacles to self-realization are obstacles to the emergence of joy.

6 slide

Slide description:

Surprise is a transitory emotion: it comes quickly and passes just as quickly. Unlike other emotions, surprise does not motivate behavior over time.

7 slide

Slide description:

Suffering is the most common negative emotion. It is usually dominant in grief and depression. Psychological causes of suffering include many problematic situations in everyday life. The experience of suffering is described as despondency, discouragement, discouragement, loneliness, and a feeling of isolation. Suffering tells both the suffering person and those around him that he is feeling bad, and prompts the person to take certain actions: do something to reduce suffering, eliminate its cause, or change his attitude towards the object that serves as the cause. The most severe form of suffering is grief. Its source is loss. The deepest grief occurs, for example, when losing a loved one. The state of grief is very difficult for every person.

8 slide

Slide description:

anger is a negative emotional state caused by the sudden occurrence of a serious obstacle to the satisfaction of an extremely important need

Slide 9

Slide description:

disgust is a negative emotional state caused by objects (objects, people, circumstances, etc.), contact with which comes into sharp conflict with the moral or aesthetic attitudes of the subject

10 slide

Slide description:

contempt is a negative emotional state that arises in interpersonal relationships and is generated by a mismatch in the life positions, views and behavior of the subject with the life positions, views and behavior of another, who is the object of this feeling

11 slide

Slide description:

fear is a negative emotional state that appears when the subject receives information about a real or imagined danger

12 slide

Slide description:

shame is a negative emotional state, expressed in the awareness of the inconsistency of one’s own thoughts, actions and appearance not only with the expectations of others, but also with one’s own ideas about appropriate behavior and appearance

Slide 13

Slide description:

Guilt occurs when doing wrong things. People usually feel guilty when they realize that they have broken a rule and crossed the boundaries of their own beliefs. They may also feel guilty for not taking responsibility. Guilt is associated primarily with the condemnation of one’s own action by the person himself, regardless of how this action was or may be treated

Slide 14

Slide description:

15 slide

Slide description:

Everything new that happens in a person’s life and activity is perceived and expressed in new feelings and experiences. The formation of feelings is a necessary condition for the development of a person as an individual. They are formed as individual consciousness develops under the influence of the educational influences of family, education, culture and other factors. Feeling is a special form of a person’s relationship to the phenomena of reality, determined by their compliance or non-compliance with human needs, characterized by relative stability. Thanks to feeling, you can find out a person’s emotional attitude towards certain things, determine his moral beliefs and characteristics of a person’s inner world.

16 slide

Slide description:

Functions of feelings: - motivational – feelings motivate behavior; - signaling – feelings signal a person about the need significance of objects and encourage him to direct activity towards them; - evaluative - feelings help determine the significance of everything that happens; - the function that synthesizes the basics of the image - reflects the variety of stimuli in the form of whole and structural formations; - expressive function – provides non-verbal communication.

Slide 17

Slide description:

Moral or ethical feelings are a form of experiencing value or, conversely, the inadmissibility of other actions, actions, thoughts, intentions of a person from the point of view of the attitude required of him to society, to the interests of society, to the norms of behavior developed by society. These experiences can arise only on the basis of correlating the actions of people with the norms expressing social requirements for human behavior. They depend on knowledge of the norms of behavior, the requirements of morality accepted in a given society, and express a person’s attitude towards other people. Such feelings include feelings of camaraderie, friendship, love, reflecting varying degrees of attachment to certain people and the need to communicate with them.

18 slide

Slide description:

Intellectual feelings are associated with the cognitive activity of people, with the satisfaction of curiosity, cognitive interests, with the search for truth, with the solution of a mental problem. Aesthetic feelings are the experience of something as beautiful. In their most typical and vivid form, they arise during the perception of works of art (natural phenomena, human actions, things). They develop in connection with the development of art. It is music that awakens our musical feeling. These feelings are a person’s attitude to the beautiful and the ugly, associated with an understanding of beauty, harmony, the sublime and the tragic. These include a sense of humor, irony, anger, mockery, sarcasm, a sense of the tragic and dramatic.

Emotions and feelings

Prepared by: Khizhnyak N.V.

Emotions in life – These are the most diverse human reactions - from violent explosions of passion to subtle shades of mood.

Emotions and feelings.

Emotions- this is a special type of psychological states of a person, they manifest themselves in the form of experiences, sensations, moods, feelings, and accompany all mental processes and states.

Feelings ( English sentiments) - stable emotional experiences of a person that arise in the process of his relationships with the outside world.

Emotions- this is a special class of subjective mental states that reflect, in the form of direct experiences, the process and results of practical activities aimed at satisfying the actual needs of a person.

Fundamental emotions (according to K. Izard):

• Fundamental emotions are provided by innate neural programs.
• In a person experiencing an emotion, it is possible to record a change in the electrical activity of the muscles of the face, brain, and a change in the functioning of the circulatory and respiratory systems.
• Emotions can cloud the perception of the world around us or color it with bright colors.

1. Interest; 2. Joy; 3. Surprise 4. Suffering;

5. Anger;

6. Disgust; 7. Contempt; 8. Fear; 9. Shame; 10. Embarrassment.

Emotions by intensity and duration:

Mood – This is a relatively weakly expressed emotional state that captures the entire personality for some time and is reflected in a person’s activity and behavior.

Affects- This is a short-term, rapidly flowing emotional reaction, which has the character of an emotional explosion.

Passion - a strong, persistent, all-encompassing feeling that dominates a person’s other impulses and leads to the concentration of all his aspirations and forces on the subject of passion.

Mood

Affects

A stable, long-term emotional state.

A strong, short-term, rapidly flowing emotional state, characterized by a change in consciousness and a violation of volitional control.

Passions

It arises as a result of an action, a deed and its compliance with needs and goals.

They differ:

An emotional state of increased tension, a fusion of emotions, motives, feelings concentrated around the object of passion.

• By duration (short-term, long-term (several days, weeks))
• According to the degree of expression;
• By controllability by will.

Features:

The speed, turbulence of the course, pronounced organic changes, motor reactions are the result of an accumulated emotional state.

Reasons for mood:

Events, health status,

Environment, weather, etc.

Emotions according to the degree of mobilization of the body:

Asthenic

Stenic

They reduce a person’s activity and energy, and inhibit their vital functions.

Increase activity, energy, cause lifting, excitement, vigor, tension.

Classification of emotions:

• In terms of quality, intensity, depth, awareness, functions performed, impact on the body;
• According to psychological processes

with whom they are associated;

• According to the subject content and focus on oneself, others, present, past, future.

Emotions are manifested:

• In facial expressions (expressive facial movements)
• In pantomime (expressive movements of the whole body - pose, gesture)
• In vocal facial expressions (intonation, expressive pauses, raising or lowering the voice, semantic stress)

Feelings - Another type of emotional states is mental states that are longer lasting than emotions and have an objective nature.

Moral feelings:

Moral (moral) feelings - higher feelings, experiences associated with a person’s attitude towards other people, towards society and towards his social responsibilities.

• call of Duty,
• humanity,
• goodwill,
• Love,
• patriotism,
• sympathy and others.

Immoral feelings , reflect the individual’s attitude towards others, towards business, towards work and towards himself,

associated with violation of moral standards.

• greed,
• selfishness,
• cruelty and others.

Intelligent ( educational ) feelings:

P appear as curiosity, surprise, bewilderment, disdain, conviction, doubt, etc.

They are based on an unconditional reflex associated with orientations, and are caused by the need for knowledge and interest in new things.

• Astonishment,
• curiosity,
• curiosity,
• confidence,
• doubt
• Confusion and others.

Aesthetic feelings:

Aesthetic feelings - this is a person’s attitude to the beautiful and the ugly, associated with an understanding of beauty, harmony, the sublime and the tragic.

• Delight,
• joy,
• contempt,
• disgust,
• yearning,
• suffering and others.

thanks for attention !

Slide captions:

N. A. Nekrasov in the poem “Shyness”: Proud gait, confident voice, Whatever they say, their speech is good. But I’ll walk in like lost, And my soul will hit my heels. It’s like iron weights on my legs, Like my head is filled with lead .Strange, useless hands stick out, Words freeze on my lips... I smile - slow, tough. My smile is not a smile. If I want to make a joke, it’s a flat joke, I’ll blush painfully.
Emotions in life are a wide variety of human reactions - from violent explosions of passion to subtle shades of mood.
The sequence of appearance of emotions and feelings in children of early preschool age (P. Young). The general pattern of development of a child’s emotional sphere from birth to adulthood is determined by the socialization of the content and forms of manifestation of emotions. Already eight-week-old babies are familiar with simple states of dissatisfaction and satisfaction. The older the child is, the more complex his feelings are. At the age of 5, he is already familiar with joy and sadness, envy, and it has been proven that connections in the brain that are responsible for emotions are among the first to be formed after a child is born. empathy, pride and shame. Consequently, his emotions become more and more complex. And often the baby himself may not understand what is happening to him. The fact is that emotions develop unevenly, as if layering one on top of the other. Each subsequent emotional layer is more and more complex. This process is almost complete when the child turns 10.
Already eight-week-old babies are familiar with simple states of dissatisfaction and satisfaction. The older the child is, the more complex his feelings are. At the age of 5, he is already familiar with joy and sadness, envy, and it has been proven that connections in the brain that are responsible for emotions are among the first to be formed after a child is born. empathy, pride and shame. Consequently, his emotions become more and more complex. And often the baby himself may not understand what is happening to him. The fact is that emotions develop unevenly, as if layering one on top of the other. Each subsequent emotional layer is more and more complex. This process is almost complete when the child turns 10.
Basic (fundamental) emotions: Joy Surprise Suffering Anger Disgust Contempt Fear Shame
Types of emotions: affect - intense, violent and short-term emotional outburst (anger, rage, horror, violent joy, deep grief, despair); feelings are a type of emotional states; emotions themselves are longer-term states, a distinctive feature of which is a reaction not only to current events, but also to probable and remembered ones; mood; emotional stress.
Feelings are another type of emotional states - even longer lasting than emotions, mental states that have an objective nature.
There are feelings: Moral (moral) Aesthetic Intellectual
Aesthetic feelings They find their expression in a person’s emotional attitude to beauty in art, the surrounding life, and nature, which can evoke a special feeling of admiration. Like emotions in general, aesthetic feelings are not isolated from the general orientation of the individual, his system of values. Intellectual feelings include those that arise in the process of cognitive activity. This is curiosity, inquisitiveness, surprise, a sense of newness, a sense of humor. Moral feelings arise in the process of life, when a child understands the requirements placed on him and tries to correlate them with his own actions, giving them an assessment. At the age of four or five, a child is already familiar with such feelings as pride and shame. At the same time, a feeling of friendship appears.
It is necessary to form in the child a concept of good and bad, beautiful and ugly. He must have a thirst for knowledge. As a rule, higher feelings (intellectual, aesthetic and moral) begin to form at the age of two or three years. Moral: moral (sense of duty, humanity, goodwill, love, friendship, patriotism, sympathy, etc.); immoral (greed, selfishness, cruelty, etc.)
Intellectual: Surprise, curiosity, inquisitiveness, confidence, doubt, etc.
Aesthetic: Delight, joy, contempt, disgust, melancholy, suffering, etc.
Interest A positive emotional state that stimulates the development of skills and abilities, promotes the acquisition of knowledge, acts as a motive for learning, and encourages creative aspirations. Interest shown in relation to other people contributes to the development of emotionally rich interpersonal relationships Joy A positive emotional state that is associated with the emergence of the opportunity to sufficiently fully satisfy an urgent need, the likelihood of which until now was either impossible or uncertain. One of the most desired by a person. At its core, it is more a product of events and phenomena than a direct aspiration. Surprise Depending on the situation, both positive and negative emotional reactions can be characterized. It arises in response to sudden circumstances, causing inhibition of all previous emotions and directing all the person’s attention to the object that caused it. Under certain circumstances, it can turn into interest. Suffering. A negatively colored emotional state. The emergence is associated with the receipt of reliable (or unreliable) information about the impossibility of satisfying a vital need, which until now seemed to one degree or another possible. Characterized by the appearance of a feeling of loneliness, devastation, decreased activity, self-pity Anger A negatively colored emotional state that can be caused by a sudden large obstacle to satisfying an extremely important need for a person. It manifests itself in the form of a strong externally expressed reaction (redness of the skin, increased heart rate, muscle tension), accompanied by a feeling of strength, often uncontrolled aggression towards an obstacle or an object that embodies it. Disgust. Negative emotional state. Caused by a certain object (subject, another person, phenomenon, circumstance), direct interaction with which (physical contact, observation) sharply contradicts the principles (ideological, moral or aesthetic) of a person. Promotes the emergence of an irresistible desire to get rid of the object that caused it. In combination with anger, it can act as a motivating factor for aggressive behavior Contempt A negative emotional state caused by the views, life position and behavior of the object in the process of communication with him, which seem to the subject of communication to be inconsistent with accepted norms and rules, his own attitudes and values. Lead to depersonalization of the object that caused this emotional state. Fear. Negative emotional state. May be caused by receiving information about a real or perceived threat to the life well-being or integrity of the subject. Stimulates the development of a person’s lack of confidence in his own strengths and capabilities and can paralyze the will to action. But in other cases, depending on a person’s personal characteristics and specific circumstances, it can help increase activity Shame A negative emotional state caused by a person’s awareness of the discrepancy between his own thoughts, desires, actions, and appearance with the expectations of others and his own Guilt A negatively colored emotional state that appears when violation of moral and (or) ethical standards by the subject in a situation for which he bears personal responsibility. The main emotional traits of a person include the following: 1. Anxiety 2. Love 3. Depression 4. Hostility Love occupies a special place in the life of every person and is a source of enrichment life and joy. There are many types of love, and each of them has unique characteristics and each has a special complex of affects. What all types of love have in common: it connects people with each other, and this connection has evolutionary-biological, sociocultural and personal significance. Love
Love for a child Love for the Motherland Love for a friend Sense of duty
Anxiety is a complex of fundamental emotions, including fear and emotions such as grief, anger, shame, guilt and sometimes interest-excitement. Depression is a complex of emotions including grief, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, guilt and shyness. Anger, disgust, and contempt can be directed toward oneself (internally directed hostility) and toward others (externally directed hostility). Depression also includes such affective factors as poor physical well-being, decreased sexuality, increased fatigue, which are often by-products of depression, but also have motivational qualities for the development of depression. Hostility is the interaction of the fundamental emotions of anger, disgust and contempt, sometimes leading to aggression. When combined with a specific set of knowledge about the objects towards which hostility is directed, it develops into hatred. The highest manifestation of feelings is passion - a fusion of emotions, motives, feelings concentrated around a certain type of activity or object.
If for some reason someone suddenly becomes very sad, And you don’t know what to do, To cheer him up, You take a glass of laughs, Loud laughter from the baskets, A spoonful of scattered laughter And a little giggle. Stir them cheerfully, Roll them into subtle humor, Roll everything in jokes, Bake in hot jokes. Whoever tries a piece will certainly laugh!
Literature Levitov N.D. About human mental states. M., 2004. Simonov P.V. The theory of reflection and psychodenial of emotions. M., 2006. Shingarov G.K. Emotions and feelings as a form of reflection of reality. M., 2003. Enikeev. General psychology: a textbook for universities. – M.: Prior, 2000http://www.nachideti.ru/vospitanie/01-chto-takoe.html