Each of us knows a lot about politics. We know everything about the policy of the state, our company, and even pursue our own political line in family relations. What is politics? Let's try to understand this issue.

What does "politics" mean

The word politics came to us from ancient Greek. It comes from the word politike, which translates as public or state affairs. Many famous philosophers gave their definition of politics. For example, Plato believed that politics is the art of managing all other arts (judicial, oratory, military, etc.) in order to improve the lives of citizens. Machiavelli believed that politics can be called knowledge about the correct and wise government of the state.

What is politics: a modern definition

Politics is the general direction for decision-making and actions that facilitate the achievement of the set goal. The policy sets out the directions to follow in order to achieve the goal. In addition, she explains why it is necessary to follow these directions. Although politics directs actions towards the fulfillment of a set task or the achievement of a certain goal, however, at the same time, it leaves freedom of action.

What is the essence of politics

The concept of "politics" has long been included in our speech and everyday life. But did it become clearer from this? Let's try to explain what the essence of the policy is:

1. Politics is created by state structures and social movements, so it is inextricably linked with them.
2. Politics is a struggle for power, the use of it and its retention.
3. Politics can be seen as a procedure for making decisions in a society in which there is no complete unity. These decisions can satisfy the interests of a large group of people or vice versa, a very narrow circle of people.
4. Politics can be compared to an art form. After all, a skillful politician always achieves the goal with minimal losses, is able to try on the warring parties, take into account both the long-term and short-term interests of his party, people and state. And all this is not possible if the politician does not have deep knowledge, talent, intuition.

What does politics do

Politics plays a significant role in the development of any society. Let's take a closer look at what politics in society does:

1. Ensures the stability and integrity of society.
2. Ensures the effectiveness and mobilization of all types of social activities.
3. Regulates and manages the public interest.
4. Provides socialist socialization by drawing the individual and entire groups of the population into social life.
5. It creates the rights and freedoms of the individual, and is also the guarantor of their observance.

What about politics

Politics can be attributed to everything that is in any way connected with social movements, political parties and state structures. This can be explained by the fact that it is all of the above that creates a policy, and, therefore, is inextricably linked with it. Any problem, if it falls into the sphere of attention of the state, a social movement or a party, immediately becomes a political problem.

What is included in the policy

Politics is a rich and varied world that includes:

1. Various sciences, as politics is inextricably linked with them.
2. Goals, interests and attitudes of various political institutions and social groups.
3. Mechanisms for coordinating and regulating interests that prevent a split in society.
4. Direct interaction of objects and subjects of policy.

The elements of politics can also include political relations, political power, political organization and culture, political consciousness, as well as subjects of politics.

What is an accounting policy

Accounting policy is the documentation that regulates the maintenance of tax and accounting records at an enterprise or organization, as well as a whole set of rules for reflecting expenses and income on the organization's accounts, putting property on the balance sheet and compiling reporting documentation.

In other words, an accounting policy can be viewed as a whole set of documents that facilitate accounting and reduce taxation.

A well-designed accounting policy allows you to legally reduce the taxation of an enterprise or organization.

The accounting policy is developed by the chief accountant, and approved by the head of the organization, who issues an order on its implementation.

The specificity of the object and subjects of political conflicts gives them a number of characteristic features that distinguish this type of intergroup conflicts from all others. Among them are the following.

(1) Mainly open character, great manifestation clash of interests. Politics is a sphere of socially sanctioned struggle, a way of easing social tension by discharging emotions in a political contest. Hence the tendency to external effects, the well-known theatricality of political life.

(2) Indispensable publicity. This characteristic means, firstly, that politics has now become professionalized and is carried out by a special group of persons that does not coincide with the mass of the people. And secondly, this means that any conflict in this truly professional environment involves an appeal to the masses (non-professionals), their active mobilization to support one side.

(3) Increased frequency. Today there are many more conflicts in the political sphere than in the rest. And not only because the conflict is, as it were, the main mode of action, way of thinking and manner of behavior of politicians. But mainly because many conflicts in the non-political sphere of people's lives (which is commonly called civil society), not finding their peaceful resolution, spill over into the political sphere, that is, they require government intervention to resolve. Thus, any labor conflict is, in principle, a matter for the two contracting parties and must be resolved by their amicable agreement. But if such an agreement cannot be reached, the severity of the conflict grows, and each of the parties begins to appeal to state institutions, trying to use their capabilities for their own benefit.

(4) Universal significance. No matter how private or local the political conflict may be, it ends with the adoption of a decision at the state level, and it is mandatory for all members of this society. Thus, almost any political conflict involuntarily affects each of us.

(5) ʼʼDomination- subordinationʼʼ as an ʼʼaxial principleʼʼ. Since political conflicts unfold in a social space where the dominant axis is the vertical of state power, their main goal inevitably becomes the establishment of the political domination of the stronger side. (Note that in political sciences the term ʼʼdominationʼʼ does not have a negative value connotation. This is not exploitation or oppression, it is simply the establishment of a certain order of command and subordination.) Hence the acuteness of political conflicts, their frequent ʼʼdisruptionsʼʼ into extreme forms - uprisings.

(6) Ability to use power resources as a means of conflict resolution. Of all types of power in society, only the state has the right to legally use force. Since the state as a political institution is an indispensable participant in almost all political conflicts, there is always a great temptation to use force as a last argument, and on completely legal grounds. This makes political conflicts potentially more dangerous and destructive in their consequences.

What are the main features of political conflicts? - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "What are the main features of political conflicts?" 2015, 2017-2018.

Detailed solution Paragraph § 20 on social science for students in grade 11, authors L.N. Bogolyubov, N.I. Gorodetskaya, L.F. Ivanova 2014

Question 1. Is the highest rung of the social ladder accessible to every person? What determines the position of a person in society?

The concept of the social ladder is relative. For officials - one thing, for businessmen - another, for artists - the third, etc. There is no single social ladder.

A person's position in society depends on education, property, power, income, and so on.

A person can change his social position with the help of social elevators - the army, the church, the school.

Additional social elevators - the media, party and social activities, the accumulation of wealth, marriage with representatives of the upper class.

Position in society, social status has always occupied an important place in the life of every person. So, what determines the position in society:

1. Kinship - status may depend on kinship lines, the status of children of wealthy and influential parents is undoubtedly higher than that of children born to less influential parents.

2. Personal qualities - one of the most important points on which the status in society depends. A person with a strong-willed character, who has the qualities of a leader, a manager, will surely achieve more in life and achieve a higher position in society than a person with the opposite character.

3. Connections - the more friends, the more acquaintances who can really help to get somewhere, the more likely it is to achieve the goal, which means to gain a higher social status.

Questions and tasks for the document

Power is will power. This strength is measured not only by the intensity and activity of the internal volitional tension exercised by the ruler, but also by the authoritative inflexibility of his external manifestations. The purpose of power is to create in the souls of people a mood of certainty, completeness, impulsiveness and diligence. The ruler must not only want and decide, but also systematically lead others to a consensual will and decision. To rule means, as it were, to impose one's will on the will of others; however, so that this imposition is voluntarily accepted by those who submit.

Question 1. Find in the text phrases with the word "will" or words derived from it. What is the meaning of these statements?

Unlike any physical force, state power is a force of will.

Power is will power. This strength is measured not only by the intensity and activity of the internal volitional tension exercised by the ruler, but also by the authoritative inflexibility of his external manifestations.

To rule means, as it were, to impose one's will on the will of others; however, so that this imposition is voluntarily accepted by those who submit.

Question 2. How does I. A. Ilyin see the correlation of the mental and spiritual principles in power with the physical, power? Does he think that the government should not use force?

Unlike any physical force, state power is a force of will. This means that the mode of its action is, by its very nature, internal, psychic and, moreover, spiritual. Physical strength, that is, the ability of a person to have a material-bodily effect on a person, is necessary for state power, but it by no means constitutes the main way of acting inherent in the state. Moreover, the state system is the more perfect the less it relies on physical force, and it is precisely that system that gravitates towards the exclusive domination of physical force that undermines itself and prepares for its disintegration. The "sword" does not at all express the essence of state power; it is only an extreme and painful remedy, it constitutes the last word and the weakest of its supports. There are situations and periods when power without a sword is useless and disastrous power; but these periods are exceptional and abnormal.

Question 3. In what case is the imposition of the will of power on the will of the subject accepted voluntarily by those who obey?

The imposition of the will of power on the will of the subject is accepted voluntarily by those who obey if the people like the adopted laws and they want to fulfill them. If everything is well thought out and agreed upon.

Question 4. What conclusion can be drawn from the read text to understand modern power relations?

Power should not be with forceful methods. The ruler should not only want and decide, but also lead others to a consensual will and decision.

SELF-CHECK QUESTIONS

Question 1. What is the structure of policy as an activity?

In science, politics is considered in three dimensions:

1) as one of the many types of human activity, the activity of social groups and individuals;

2) as a sphere of public life, one of the subsystems of society as a whole;

3) as a type of social relations between individuals, small groups and large communities.

The participation of people in political life is manifested not only in the activities of individuals, but also in the impact on politics of large social groups (classes, social strata, ethnic communities, estates, etc.).

In order to more successfully influence politics, people create political organizations and associations. Political parties are the most adapted to political activity. The most active subject of politics is the state.

Relatively small groups of people who have the greatest influence on political decision-making are called the political elite. These are groups of persons concentrating power in their hands, exercising political leadership of society, determining the paths and goals of political development. The political elite includes senior government officials, leaders of political parties, heads of parliament, persons holding key positions in the power structures of the state, the media, etc.

So, the subjects of politics are individuals, social groups, political organizations, political elites.

The activities of the subjects of politics are aimed at society, at maintaining its integrity, as well as at implementing changes in it that meet the interests of a particular subject of politics or the whole society. The fact that political activity is aimed at society as a whole, on all aspects of its life, distinguishes it from other types of activity. At the same time, it is customary in politics to single out various directions, which are usually called by the name of the object of political influence. The object of economic policy is the economy, social - the social sphere, youth policy - youth, etc. The object of domestic policy is society within the country, external - the world community, international relations.

Political activity is motivated by the interests of political subjects, primarily by the interests of certain social groups. The position of a social group in society gives rise to its attitude to the existing situation, to power structures.

Driven by their own interests, people set themselves appropriate political goals, which are most clearly formulated by the political leaders, parties, and elites supported by them.

To achieve the set goals, various political actions are carried out: organizing parties, making government decisions, election campaigns, speeches in parliament, political rallies, holding party congresses, appeals to the people, developing political programs, referendums, coups d'état, uprisings, visits by government delegations, etc. In the course of these actions, various means of political activity are used: peaceful and violent, organizational and agitational, theoretical and diplomatic.

Question 2. What is included in the concept of "politics"?

The political sphere is one of the four spheres of social life known to you. It includes various forms of political activity; relations between people arising in the course of this activity; organizations and institutions that are created to implement political goals and objectives; political consciousness of people, which directs their activities in the field of politics.

The most important place in the structure of the political sphere is occupied by political institutions. They are among the main social institutions that implement the fundamental needs of society. Political institutions satisfy a society's need for integration, security, and social order.

Each of them carries out a certain type of political activity and includes a group of people specializing in its implementation; political norms governing relations within these institutions with other political and non-political institutions; the means necessary to achieve the set goals.

The main political institution is the state. (Remember the essential features of the state studied in the social science course of the basic school.) In turn, the state includes the institution of the presidency, the institutions of legislative, executive and judicial power, the institution of elections, etc.

Political parties are among the most important political institutions. The history of parties in their modern form is not as long as the history of the state, but even it has more than a century and a half.

Question 3. What social relations are political?

Political relations are the relationships and interactions that arise between people in the process of political activity. These are the interconnections of social communities and individuals in the sphere of power, politics, and management. This is the relationship of the subjects of political life regarding the conquest, use and redistribution of political power. Any social relations acquire a political character if they include the use of power in the center and in the localities.

Political relations are associated with the distribution of power, rights and powers in society, with the delimitation of the subjects of the center and places. These include relationships between:

Public authorities and institutions (for example, between the government and parliament);

The state and social groups (for example, between the state and entrepreneurs);

The state and non-state public organizations and movements (for example, between the state and the church);

Political parties, as well as between political parties and non-political organizations (for example, between parties and trade unions);

State and citizens;

Various states in the international arena;

The state and international political associations (for example, the UN, NATO).

The manifestations of these relationships can be different: relations of rivalry, competition (for example, between political parties); mutual responsibility (for example, between a citizen and the state); support (for example, voters and any party); cooperation (for example, the party and trade unions); union (say, several states); conflict (for example, between states or a state and a particular social group), etc.

These relations are based on interests and goals, the coincidence or divergence of which predetermines the development of interaction between participants in political life. The nature of the relationship depends on economic and social factors, on the political culture of society, as well as on the political will of the subjects of politics.

Question 4. Describe the subjects of policy.

The subjects of politics are social and national communities, organizations, institutions that are able to participate in political life, make political decisions and achieve their implementation, change social relations in accordance with their interests and goals. The subject of politics is the bearer of active, purposeful and reasonable action.

Question 5. What are the political interests?

Political interest is the orientation of an individual (social group) to gain certain positions in the system of political power.

According to the carriers of political interests, political interests themselves can be divided into:

personal interests;

group interests;

corporate interests;

class interests;

national interests.

According to the degree of manifestation, political interests are divided into:

Natural interests;

Conscious interests.

According to the scale of orientation, political interests are:

Domestic political;

foreign policy;

Global (geopolitical).

Question 6. How do different politicians and organizations solve the problem of the correlation of ends and means in politics?

On the moral principles, education and morality of the leaders of organizations.

Question 7. What is the relationship between the concepts of "politics" and "power"?

Politics is the activity of state power, party or public group in the field of domestic or foreign relations, determined by the interests of this power, party, group.

Power is the ability and ability to impose one's will, to influence the activities and behavior of other people, even in spite of their resistance. The essence of power does not depend on what this possibility is based on. Power can be based on various methods: democratic and authoritarian, honest and dishonest, violence and revenge, deceit, provocation, extortion, incentives, promises, etc.

The closely related concepts of "politics" and "power" are the key concepts of the social science called political science.

Question 8. Describe the party as a political institution.

Any political party is a voluntary association of people who have common political views, seeking to achieve their goals through the conquest of power or participation in its implementation. Usually a party expresses and defends the interests of a certain social community (class, social stratum, etc.). In the Russian Federation, the law defines a political party as a public association created for the purpose of citizens' participation in the political life of society through the formation and expression of their political will, participation in public and political actions, in elections and referendums, as well as in order to represent the interests of citizens in state bodies. authorities and local governments.

Each political party independently determines its political goals, immediate and long-term ideas, which are reflected in the party program and charter. However, the main objectives of a political party, according to the law, are:

Formation of public opinion;

Political education and upbringing of citizens;

Expressing the opinions of citizens on any issues of public life, bringing these opinions to the attention of the general public and public authorities;

Nomination of candidates for elections to legislative (representative) bodies of state power and representative bodies of local self-government, participation in elections to these bodies and in their work.

A party is an organization whose principles of construction, the rights and obligations of its members are reflected in its charter. As a rule, it has a party program outlining not only the party's goals, but also the ways and means to ensure their achievement. Party members have different statuses in its structure: they are party leaders; party officials working in the central and local bodies of the party; party activists leading party groups, local organizations; ordinary members of the party. All of them are working to win the support of voters in the upcoming elections. For this, meetings of citizens, the party press, speeches in parliament and other representative bodies are used.

Question 9. What is the essence of power?

The essence of power lies in the relations of domination and subordination that arise between those who give orders and those who carry out these orders or who are subjected to power influences. Power relations arise wherever stable communities of people exist. Any organization, any joint type of activity cannot be carried out without power relations, without someone leading and someone following orders. Even in interpersonal communication between two people, as a rule, subordination relations arise.

Question 10. What is the difference between political power and other types of power?

Political activity, political institutions, political relations are various aspects of a complex, multidimensional social phenomenon - politics. And all these aspects, like politics in general, are connected with the struggle for power or with the use of power to realize group or national interests.

The one who has the power gives orders, orders, directives, commands. He can sanction those who faithfully follow these orders (in which case he uses a reward), or those who do not follow the orders or do them poorly (in which case he uses a punishment). For the majority of citizens, it is not the possibility of sanctions that matters, but the conviction of the need to comply with the instructions of the authorities, the authority of the authorities.

Political power has a number of features that distinguish it from other types of power. First, it applies to the entire society, to all living in the territory of a given state. Its orders are obligatory for all other kinds of power. Secondly, it acts on the basis of law on behalf of the whole society. Thirdly, only she has the legal right to use force within the country. Fourth, it is characterized by the existence of a single nationwide center for political decision-making. Fifthly, this power has the ability to use a variety of means (not only coercive, but also economic, social, cultural and informational).

Thus, political power is the right, ability and opportunity to defend and implement certain political views, attitudes and goals. It uses various ways and means of influencing political subjects, primarily the state, on the behavior of social communities of people, organizations for managing, coordinating, coordinating the interests of all members of society and subordinating them to a single political will.

Question 11. What is the practical significance of knowledge about politics and power?

Based on this knowledge, one can analyze certain decisions and develop the most rational and perfect way of managing.

TASKS

Question 1. If you were the leader of a party that calls itself a popular progressive, what goals would you put forward for the next ten years?

1. Raise the economy.

2. Raise the level and quality of life.

3. Return raw materials from private capital to the people.

4. Take on youth, our future.

5. Tighten the laws for the authorities.

6. Reduce all apparatuses of power, to the extent necessary. qty.

7. Reduce salaries for civil servants.

8. Let the regions manage their own profits.

9. Revise the laws in terms of life, property, honor, regardless of rank.

10. Have a strong, mobile, professional army.

11. Improve the work of law enforcement agencies by introducing levers of real rewards and punishments.

Question 2. Perhaps you are familiar with the lines from a song written in the first quarter of the 20th century:

Our locomotive, fly ahead! In the Commune - a stop. We have no other way - We have a rifle in our hands.

Does this text contain political goals and means to achieve them? Which party's ideas does this verse reflect?

The song was written in the 1920s, immediately after the revolution, and was sung by the Bolsheviks, or communists, who believed that only in hands with a rifle could one crush everything old and build a new society. This couplet reflects the ideas of the Communist Party.

Question 3. In 2002, the State Duma of Russia adopted the Law "On counteracting extremist activity." The law creates legal grounds for the liquidation of organizations whose activities the court considers extremist. Persons inciting national, racial, social hatred, calling for violence in order to achieve political goals, will be held accountable, as well as persons or organizations financing extremist activities.

Explain the meaning of this law. What are the steps you need to take to make it a reality?

It is mainly directed against Nazi youth organizations. It is used against Russian nationalists of the far right. The meaning of this law is to counter extremist activities, as this is the incitement of interracial conflicts. Examples: disbanded the organization Northern Brotherhood, which accounted for more than 1000 crimes.

Question 4. In 2011, shortly before the next elections to the State Duma, sociologists conducted a survey of voters, in which they revealed the level of interest in these elections. 40% of the respondents stated that there is such interest, and 54% said that there is no interest. 6% found it difficult to answer (Spark. - 2011. - No. 35).

How do you rate these survey results? What, in your opinion, are the reasons for the lack of interest among many in an important political event for the country?

The reasons for the lack of interest among many in an important political event for the country are that many believe that the government is corrupt, all votes have been bought.

The real reason for political activity, an internal, conscious source of political behavior that encourages people to set certain political goals and take specific actions to achieve them.

Category " political interest" allows you to determine the direction of a social group or individual to win their proper positions in the system political authorities. Political interest- the phenomenon is predominantly objective, since it is caused by characteristics of social groups independent of people's consciousness: their size, place in the system of social division of labor, habitat. However, objectivity political interest does not equal its obviousness. To turn into a topical motive political activities, interest must be conscious. But there can be complications in this area of ​​human subjectivity. So, political interest may be inadequate and misunderstood. Diversity and competition help to avoid such situations. political parties, movements, their ideologies. Role political interests lies in the fact that: 1) in them there is awareness and expression political the needs of society; 2) they determine the specific focus political activity of social groups and individuals; 3) awareness political interests brings to life numerous political values, ideologies, theories, everyday views, moods, expectations.

Depending on the base political interests subdivided into different types. So, if we single out subjects, carriers interests, then distinguish between personal, group, corporate, class and national political interests. If we keep in mind the degree of their manifestation, then spontaneous and conscious interests. Depending on the scope, they are allocated inside political, externally political and global, or geo political interests. Peace political interests diverse. At its core, politics is a way of coordinating interests different social groups and individuals by different means. In dynamics political interests, according to many researchers, there are 2 opposite trends: 1) enlargement, aggregation political interests leading political forces. This leads to the formation of stable and stable, as a rule, two-party political systems; 2) diversification political interests, T.

i.e. an increase in their diversity and, as a consequence, an increase in the points of their intersection. Increasingly, people find themselves in situations where certain common interests in one of the spheres of life can quite peacefully coexist with the difference interests in other areas. People no longer consider themselves to belong to any particular social group and change their political orientation depending on which of the problems seems to them the most important

Interests in politics

Interests in politics

(from lat. interest - matters, important) are the direct basis of political ideology and motives of activity. Interests have a dual nature: objective and subjective. The actual socio-political situation acts as an objective basis of interests. Thus, the absolute expression of this foundation is contained in the principle of the materialistic understanding of the history of Marx, according to which social being forms social and political interests. The subjective basis of interests lies in the awareness of the internal needs of a person, the formation of which was studied by various schools of idealism (Plato, Hegel) and thinkers who tried to combine both foundations into one whole (Jung).

In the most general terms, political interests are recognized and directed through activities to meet the needs of large groups of people. Social experience is the basis of political interests. It is processed through the most complex social identification mechanisms, turning, in particular, into a political ideology.

Interests, having spread and turned into stereotypes of social psychology, acquire the status of a powerful political force. Interests in time can be divided into current, aimed at broadcasting reality, and perspective, expressing moments of possibility, the future. Realization of perspective interests is a subject of political activity of emerging elites and political opposition. They are implemented in a complex way through various forms of socio-political activity, they are the subject of historical action. Unconscious interests are in the collective unconscious (Jung), from which they "rise" in the form of symbols and ideologies. They can be realistic, utopian and dystopian.

Historical experience allows us to conclude that there is no complete realization of interests in politics. Until now, politics has been implemented as a unity of the conscious and the unconscious-spontaneous. The fate of Russia is characterized by the utopian nature of ideological, conscious interests and the action in real political life of veiled and unconscious interests.

Cognitive style (from Latin cognitio - knowledge and Greek stylos - literal writing rod) are stable individual characteristics of cognitive processes that predetermine the use of various research strategies. In a non-obvious way, it is associated with the effectiveness of solving cognitive problems, as it is characterized by the choice of any one of the possible and approximately equivalent ways of solving them.

Interest in general is the orientation of a person (or social group) towards the implementation of a specific goal that satisfies some needs. . Political interest - it the orientation of a social group or individual to win their proper positions in the system of political power. Ways to achieve this goal are various forms of participation in politics.

Depending on the carriers, interests can be personal, group, corporate, class and national. Social content - economic, political, spiritual. According to the degree of stability - long-term and transient. By urgency indigenous and secondary.

Political interest is primarily an objective phenomenon. However, the objectivity of interest is not at all equivalent to its evidence. In order to turn into an actual motive for action, interest must be recognized. But this is already an area of ​​the subjective, where various complications are possible. A person's idea of ​​his interests does not always coincide with their actual content. A more or less adequate representation of people about their needs and interests requires an understanding of the entire set of cause-and-effect relationships that determine their actual position in the system of social relations. This is not always possible, not only for an ordinary person, but also for those who own the minds and destinies of people. Therefore, in real practice, people are guided not by their own interests, but by ideas about them. False ideas, as a rule, become a factor of political destruction. This circumstance is clearly manifested in the phenomenon of public opinion, which, under the influence of circumstances or manipulations, can vary very quickly and with a large amplitude. When, for example, the results of the democratic process do not justify inflated expectations, democratic values ​​are declared imaginary, and a search begins for another form of expression of political interests - through authoritarianism and traditionalism.

If possible, only the diversity and competition of such political institutions as ideologies, parties, movements help to avoid such situations. By introducing into the political process elements of competitiveness, and, consequently, criticality and debatability, they can help establish the real content and correlation of any political interests.

The lack of resources to meet the diverse needs of people creates a conflict of interests and values. The lack of political positions and statuses, which are the object of claims from numerous political actors, as well as the differentiation of political roles (into managers and managed) serves as a source of political conflict. The role of conflict in politics cannot be overestimated, because it acts as a source and driving force of the political process. After all, politics in its essence is a way of coordinating the interests of various social groups and individuals by various means. In a conflict-free society, the need for it simply disappears.

political conflict- this is a disagreement or confrontation between various political subjects in their desire to realize their interests and goals, related primarily to the struggle for gaining power, its redistribution, changing their political status, and political prospects for the development of society.

At the heart of the political conflict are socio-economic, ethnic and proper political contradictions, objectively inherent in any society, which acquire a conflict form due to the orientation towards ousting the counterparty of conflict interaction from the sphere of their interests.

Conflicts can be typified on various grounds, for example, by the nature of contradictions (antagonistic and non-antagonistic), internal and external (depending on their relationship to the social system), by spheres of manifestation (economic, political, spiritual, interethnic, international).

Conflicts are classified according to the time of action: protracted or transient; intensity: weak or strong; by scale of action: local or regional; by manifestation forms: peaceful and non-peaceful; according to the level of openness and degree of development: latent and open; by the number of participants: multi-subject, or multipolar, and bilateral, or bipolar; according to the degree and nature of normative regulation: systemic or non-systemic, institutionalized or non-institutionalized; according to their consequences: positive or negative, constructive or destructive.

When typifying conflicts, attention should be paid to their origin and stages of development. Conflicts caused by factors of an internal nature are designated as endogenous, external - in relation to this system - exogenous.

Any conflict, as a rule, has certain stages of its development: beginning, hidden (latent form); open form, or stage of confrontation; post-conflict phase.

The nature and nature of the conflict is determined by:

- the conditions of its occurrence and course;

- the composition of the participants in the conflict;

- means and methods used by the conflicting parties to create a conflict situation and resolve it;

- the current image of the conflict situation;

- the nature of the conflict;

– spatio-temporal parameters of the conflict collision;

- stages and intensity of the flow;

- consequences.

There are many methods of conflict resolution, among which it makes sense to mention "the theory of principled negotiation and tolerance". The essence of the "principled negotiation theory" is that the parties seek to find mutual benefit wherever possible. Where interests do not coincide, it is necessary to achieve a result that would be justified by fair norms, regardless of the will of each of the parties. Principled negotiations are based on the following principles:

- concentration on interests and rejection of positional bargaining;

– use of objective criteria;

– search for mutually beneficial options;

- the distinction between the participants in the discussion and the issues under discussion;

- skillful interaction tactics and connecting, if necessary, a third party to them.

To resolve a political conflict, it is necessary:

- to localize the conflict;

– avoid simplification of the problems that served as the basis for the political conflict, their dichotomous interpretation;

- go beyond the conflict situation, consider it from the point of view of the general that unites both parties;

- not to allow delay in taking constructive efforts and measures, since time in resolving the conflict is one of the decisive factors;

Political contradictions and conflicts cannot be cancelled; they are an inevitable attribute of the political process. The question, therefore, is to create and introduce into the political process the practice of fair and rational resolution of political conflicts on the basis of civilized norms and modern technologies.