Agriculture remains an important sector in the Japanese economy, although its share of GNP is declining (to 2.0% in 1999). The country's agriculture employs 4.1 million people (6.6% of all employees). Small peasant land use predominates. Despite the agrarian reform, the dwarf type of peasant farms predominates in the country (sometimes the plot is less than 0.5 hectares). Even small patches of land often do not form one whole, but are divided into smaller ones and scattered in different places. Under these conditions, only minor mechanization is possible. More powerful mechanization is found on large farms.

The country's cultivated area is 5.3 million hectares (14.8% of the land area), and the sown area exceeds it due to the fact that in a number of areas two, and in the south, three crops are harvested per year. Japan meets 70% of its food needs through its own production, including fully satisfying the demand for rice. In 1999, the rice harvest was about 13 million tons.

More than half of the sown area is occupied by grains, slightly more than 25% by vegetables, the rest of the area is allocated to forage grasses, industrial crops and mulberries.

Rice occupies a dominant position in agriculture. The yield of this crop is on average 45 c/ha on irrigated fields, and for some varieties it reaches 50–55 c/ha. Maintaining rice yields at a high level is due to a number of reasons: increased use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, improved water supply (especially as a result of the widespread use of electric motors for irrigation), and effective breeding work. The developed seed varieties are characterized by good yield and resistance to adverse weather conditions and diseases.

At the same time, there is a decrease in the harvest of grain crops such as wheat and barley, which is caused by the low profitability of their cultivation and competition from imported grain.

Vegetable growing is of great importance, and has become a very profitable industry for suburban farms. Vegetables on suburban farms are usually grown year-round in well-fertilized and protected soil (the beds are covered with films).

Harvesting of sugar beets in Hokkaido and sugar cane in the south is increasing. Tea plantings are increasing. Tea leaf collection in Japan now exceeds 100 thousand tons per year. Citrus fruits, apples, pears, plums, peaches, persimmons, grapes, chestnuts, walnuts, watermelons, melons are grown; Pineapples are cultivated in greenhouses. Strawberries are grown in Honshu, covering large areas.

Livestock farming, previously one of the underdeveloped sectors of the economy, began to actively develop after the Second World War. This was caused by an increase in domestic demand for meat and dairy products, which previously had a very limited distribution. In the 90s XX century The cattle herd reached 5.5 million heads, of which almost half were dairy cows. Pig farming has developed in the southern regions of the country. Poultry farming occupies an important place in suburban farms. Livestock farming in Japan is characterized by high productivity. Japan ranked 14th in the world in meat production in 1999 (3.251 million tons).

The center of livestock farming is the north of the country - the island of Hokkaido, where special farms and cooperative farms have been created. Almost 1/4 of Japan's entire dairy herd is concentrated in Hokkaido.

A peculiarity of Japanese livestock farming is that it is based on imported feed, especially a lot of corn is imported. Local forage grasses are considered unproductive and their harvest is limited. Our own production covers no more than 1/3 of livestock feed needs.

Fishing plays a major role in providing the population with food. Before World War II, the Japanese practically did not eat meat, so the only source of animal protein was fish, and rice was the only source of carbohydrates. Today, in terms of per capita fish consumption (60–70 kg per year, compared with 17–18 kg for the world average), Japan is still ahead of all other countries, although fish and meat are now consumed in equal quantities. Seafood provides 40% of the animal protein contained in the Japanese diet. In 1999, the fish catch in Japan was about 8 million tons (4th place in the world). Japan's fishing fleet numbers tens of thousands of vessels, and its fishing ports number hundreds and even thousands.

Since the arc of the Japanese Islands stretches from north to south for almost 3.5 thousand km, the structure of catches in different parts of the coast varies quite significantly. In the waters of the warm Kuroshio Current, tuna, mackerel, and sardines are caught; in the waters of the cold Oyashio Current on the northern flank - mainly herring, mackerel, and cod.

The coastal zone also serves as a major mariculture area. Oysters, shrimp, lobsters, and Kamchatka crab are bred here. Underwater plantations where algae are grown, which are then collected with hooks and hooks, have also become widespread. Seaweed is used for food and to obtain iodine.

The southern coast of Honshu is also famous for its pearl fishery. Every year, 500 million pearl shells are harvested here, and an ethnic group called the Ama has long specialized in fishing.

In the early 80s. last century, 77% of the total fish catch in Japan fell within its 200-mile zone, 14% in free sea areas, and 9% in free economic zones of other countries (Russia, USA, New Zealand, etc.). However, during this period, fish catches within 200-mile zones of other countries decreased markedly. In the 90s of the twentieth century. Japan has gradually turned from a major exporter of fish and seafood into an importer. Australia has become one of the most important suppliers of such products to Japan.

The increase in imports is largely due to an increase in domestic demand with a simultaneous depletion of national resources. This all the more forces Japan to pay increased attention to fish farming. In the 90s 32 species of fish, 15 species of crustaceans, and 21 species of mollusks were artificially grown here. The breeding of red sea bream, Japanese flounder, and blue crab has increased many times over. Research conducted in Japan on the cultivation of sea tuna confirmed the possibility of growing this purely marine fish in various cages. Large-scale experiments have been undertaken in Japan to restore the salmon stock. Already in the mid-80s, about 30 million salmon were raised in Japan - one for every four residents of the country, and the total catch of artificially farmed salmon exceeded 100 thousand tons.

Japan generally holds first place in the world in aquaculture technology, which originated here in the 8th century AD. e. The most diverse types of aquaculture have been developed here, artificial spawning grounds and fish “pastures” have been created. A program has been implemented to create artificial reefs, thanks to which the catch in coastal waters has already doubled. The state program for the development of aquaculture also provides for the creation in the near future of about 200 fish factories and the allocation of about 30 million hectares of coastal waters for various types of mariculture, which is thirty times greater than the area of ​​waters currently used.

Agriculture in Japan is one of the main sectors of the economy. This area employs 6.6% of the working population. The most developed are agriculture and fishing, while livestock farming is considered a more underdeveloped industry.

Agriculture

The basis of Japanese agriculture is farming. The Japanese have been growing rice in large quantities for a very long time, but they also pay attention to other grain crops, as well as legumes and tea.

The cultivated area of ​​the country is 5.4 million hectares, and the sown area exceeds it due to the fact that in a number of areas 2-3 crops are harvested per year.

More than half of the total area is allocated for grain crops, about 25% for vegetables, the rest of the land is occupied by forage grasses, industrial crops and mulberry trees. However, the main cultivated crop is still rice. Rice cultivation is one of the key areas of Japanese agriculture.

Vegetables are grown, as a rule, in the suburbs, in large greenhouses, which allows residents of the country to have them on their table all year round.

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Sugar beets are cultivated in Hokkaido, and sugar cane in the south.

More than half of the agricultural land is occupied by flooded fields, which are used for rice growing.

Rice. 1. Rice fields in Japan.

Livestock

The center of livestock farming is the north of the country - the island of Hokkaido, where special farms and cooperatives have been created.

Rice. 2. Hokkaido Island.

Most of the feed has to be purchased from other countries. Especially a lot of corn is imported. Livestock farming in Japan is not as well developed as agriculture, but in the second half of the 20th century it received an impetus for development. This was caused by the increasing demand for meat and dairy products. If previously the main food products of the Japanese were rice and fish, then gradually the country gradually switched to the Western way of consumption, when the content of grain crops, potatoes and meat products in the human diet increased. Pig farming is developed in the southern regions of the country, and poultry farming plays an important role in the suburbs.

Meat production is 4 million tons per year, and milk production is 8 million tons.

Fishing

For Japanese residents, fish comes in second place after rice. These two products have always been part of the daily diet of the average Japanese. This fact, in turn, contributed to the development of fishing.

At the moment, large companies are engaged in growing and catching fish. Seaweed, shellfish and pearl fishing are also harvested here. Japan's fishing fleet numbers several hundred thousand vessels, but mostly they are all very small.

Aquaculture has become widespread - artificial breeding of fish in lagoons, mountain lakes and rice fields. In addition, there are farms in Japan that breed pearl mussels.

Rice. 3. Aquaculture in Japan.

What have we learned?

Japanese agriculture is diversified. Agriculture is developed here, in which the main cultivated crop is rice. In the field of livestock farming, pig farming, cattle breeding and poultry farming are developed. An important part of agriculture is fishing.

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Japan is a unique country in many ways, and in almost all areas of human activity, the Japanese path of development differs from any other. Japan is no exception. Despite the fact that Japan does not promote the development of this type of activity, agriculture and cattle breeding have always been quite developed here. At the moment, the share of agriculture is 2%, which against the general background of an industrialized power looks more than good, especially taking into account the fact that neighboring Asian countries are quite capable of providing Japan with cheap agricultural products. However, this quantity is clearly not enough, and Japan is one of the largest food importers in the world.

The way Japanese agriculture develops depends primarily on geographical conditions and historical features. on islands of volcanic origin, and the share of arable and pasture land here is very small. The area of ​​land used for agricultural needs is no more than 15 percent of the total area of ​​the state. The main type of farms is small farms, where everything is privately owned. Traditional components of Japanese cuisine are rice and seafood, so the majority of agricultural producers are engaged in growing rice - it accounts for over 80% of production. Livestock farming is poorly developed due to the fact that the Japanese obtain most of their protein food from seafood, so pasture lands occupy a small part of the total area. Despite the fact that recently the consumption of livestock products has been growing, the number of farms engaged in this type of activity is decreasing, since it is much more profitable to buy these products from neighbors, for example, in China. In addition, feed for livestock farming has to be imported from abroad, and this also affects its profitability.

So, Japanese agriculture is mainly Here it has its own characteristics: for example, rice often costs farmers much more expensive than it is later sold - this is due to the fact that they actively and often unreasonably use ultra-modern equipment and information technologies in agriculture (Japan ranks first in the use of high technologies in this industry), which inevitably affects the cost of the final product. However, such farms do not go bankrupt and have the opportunity to develop further, taking into account the experience gained, since since the post-war period, Japanese agriculture, especially rice cultivation, has received full support from the state, and thanks to this, the demand for this product is completely covered by domestic production .

It is also worth noting that Japanese agriculture is not only the traditional cultivation of grain and vegetable crops and livestock raising: a fairly significant area is the production of silk, for which a considerable part of the farmland is devoted to the cultivation of mulberries. This direction is very profitable, since Japanese silk is very highly valued all over the world.

Another unusual direction in the agriculture of this country is the cultivation of pearls. Traditionally, many naturally grown pearls were mined off the coast of Japan, and recently farms specializing in their cultivation are increasingly being opened. This brings considerable profit, and therefore is becoming more and more popular.

Thus, the main distinctive features of Japanese agriculture are the small size of land, a high degree of introduction of high technology, due to which almost all professions in agriculture require a high degree of training, comprehensive support for farming from the state, traditional areas of activity and often small efficiency of small farms.

Although the national economy is primarily based on industry, agriculture occupies an important place in it, providing the country with most of the food consumed. Largely due to limited land resources and post-war agrarian reform, the village is dominated by small landowners. The average farm size is less than 1.1 hectares. The importance of agricultural production as a potential job opportunity declined sharply after World War II.

Japan is one of the largest agricultural importing countries in the world. With only 15% of the country's land available for agriculture and a population of 130 million, Japan is heavily dependent on agricultural and food processing exports. The country imports large volumes of soybeans, wheat, corn, meat and meat products, other food products, vegetables, and fruits. It fully satisfies its own needs only for seafood, some of which it exports.

On average, one farm accounts for 1.47 hectares or 14,700 m2. Japanese farms are relatively small, but Japanese farmers work hard to make the most of their limited acreage, so the land is farmed very efficiently.

Japanese farmers use tractors, pickup trucks, electric cultivators, rice planters and combines to help them increase their productivity. Using intensive farming methods, fertilizers, sophisticated machinery and carefully refined technology, farmers are able to produce half of all the fruits and vegetables consumed in Japan, while still maintaining some of the farm's acreage for livestock. So Japanese agriculture provides a significant portion of the food consumed.

Modern technology has made new farming methods possible. Part of the crop in Japan is grown hydroponically, that is, without soil - just in water. The use of genetic engineering makes it possible to obtain harvests that are richer and safer for human health.

Japanese farmers grow a variety of plant crops, as well as livestock and poultry. These are grains - rice and wheat; vegetables - potatoes, radishes and cabbage; fruits - tangerines, oranges, melons and pears; Livestock products - beef, poultry, pork, milk and eggs.

Most of the non-arable land is forested - about 68%. So, forestry is an important part of the Japanese economy. Japan is an island country and must carefully use its natural resources: 41% of its forests are new forests.

For many centuries, logging has been an important business activity in Japan. Already from the 8th century, wooden palaces and temples were built in Kyoto and other cities. But today the demand for wood is so great, not only for construction, but also for the production of paper, furniture and other consumer goods, that Japan imports 76.4% of wood.

Rice is grown throughout Japan, with the exception of the north of Hokkaido, mainly on irrigated lands. Rice productivity reaches 50 centners/hectare. The gross rice harvest reaches 10 million tons. In addition to rice, wheat, barley, and corn are grown from grain crops, but in small quantities. Vegetable growing, especially suburban farming, has become widespread in Japan. Common industrial crops include tea, tobacco, sugar beets, and in the south - sugar cane.

Livestock farming is poorly developed because the Japanese consume little meat and dairy products. Recently, the nutritional structure of the Japanese has been changing, which is leading to an increase in demand for livestock products. Livestock farming is actively developing. Meat production is about 4 million tons, and milk production is 8 million tons. A characteristic feature of Japanese livestock farming is the lack of its own food supply. A significant portion of feed is imported. Our own production provides no more than 1/3 of livestock feed needs. Japan's agriculture provides only 3/4 of the country's food supply.

Japan is firmly ranked first in the world in seafood production. This became possible thanks to the balanced management of ocean, sea and coastal fisheries, and intensive fish farming in fresh water bodies.

Ocean and sea fish catches in Japan remain at the level of 8 million tons. Coastal fisheries produce 2 million tons of fish annually. Another over 200 thousand tons. annually obtained from fish farming in inland waters.

Seafood is the main product that satisfies the population's protein needs, although its share in the diet has decreased due to an increase in the share of meat. Japanese imports of fish and seafood in recent years range from 2.0 to 2.4 million tons. The bulk of imports are made up of valuable, high-tasting fish species.

Coastal fishing is carried out by residents of coastal villages; distant - large monopolies with a technically advanced fishing fleet. The northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean is the main region of world fishing; fish and seafood are produced here by Japan, China, Russia, the Republic of Korea, and some other countries.

Japan is one of the world's main importers of agricultural products. Japanese farms are usually small, but have a high degree of automation and good labor productivity. New intensive farming methods are being used.

Among the branches of agriculture in the country, crop production significantly predominates. Japan provides a significant portion of the food consumed. But the rest has to be imported.

The country grows various plant crops, as well as livestock and poultry. Cereal crops include rice and wheat. And vegetables predominate: potatoes, radishes and cabbage, fruits - tangerines, oranges, melons and pears. The main livestock products are: beef, poultry, pork, milk and eggs.

Most of the country's non-arable land is forested. The Japanese are actively involved in forestry.

Fishing in the country is also a traditional occupation of the population. Japan is the world leader in fish catching.

In its structure, Japanese agriculture should be defined as a multi-sectoral type. Its basis is agriculture, in particular the cultivation of rice and other crops, industrial enterprises and tea. Horticulture, horticulture, silkworms and livestock play an important role. In Japan, agriculture also includes forestry, fishing and fisheries.

The growing area of ​​the country is 5.4 million hectares and exceeds the gathering due to the fact that in some regions it gathers 2-3 years a year.

Using more than half the surface of grain crops, about 25% below vegetables, the rest consists of grass, industrial plants and mulberries.

Dominant position in agriculture - rice.

At the same time, the harvest of wheat and barley decreased (low yields and competition for imports).

Crop production mainly develops in the suburbs. Usually within a year in a greenhouse.
Hokkaido is grown with sugar beets, in the southern sugar cane industry. They grow tea, citrus fruits, apples, pears, plums, peaches, kaka (endemic to Japan), grapes, chestnuts, watermelons, melons, and greenhouse pineapples. In southwest Honshu, large areas are allocated for strawberries.

Livestock farming began to actively develop only after the Second World War.

The cattle herd reaches 5 million.

heads (dairy cows). In the southern regions, pigs are developing (about 7 million heads). The center of livestock farming is located to the north of the country - the island of Hokkaido, where special farms and cooperatives have been created.

A characteristic feature of Japanese livestock farming is that it is based on imported feed (a lot of corn is imported). Own production does not provide more than 1/3 of the feed.

The forest area is about 25 million.

ha. In the past, more than half of the forests (including bamboo plantations) were privately owned. Most forest owners are small farmers with up to 1 hectare. forests.

Among the large forest owners are members of the imperial family, monasteries, and temples, which own the highest quality forests.

Fisheries are characterized by the predominance of large monopoly companies.

The main elements of the instrument are fish, cod, salmon, flounder, tuna, flounder, shark, saree, sardines and the like.

They also get seaweed and mussels. The Japanese fishing fleet has hundreds of thousands of ships (mostly small ones). About 1/3 of the catch comes from waters in the Hokkaido area.

An important fishing area is the northeastern coast of Honsua.

Aquaculture was very common: artificial fish farming in lagoons, mountain lakes and rice fields, as well as pearl farming.

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More foreign tourists to Japan's agricultural areas

Some Japanese financial institutions and businesses are organizing into local communities to attract more foreigners to Japan's agricultural areas, creating unique trips and providing useful information.

For example, on one of these excursions last year, organized by Japan's JCB Co, local banks and local governments, about 30 people from Taiwan visited a local fishing cooperative near Kanoya Bay, Kagoshima Prefecture, southwest Japan, to try some fresh Sashimi.

The tour, sold by JTB Corp., was mainly intended for JCB credit card holders in Taiwan.

In 2016, the number of foreign tourists in Japan reached a record 24 million people, most of whom were from China, South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong. The Japanese government wants to increase the number of foreign tourists to 40 million in 2020.

The city of Okayama in western Japan is also working with local financial institutions to increase tourist numbers by increasing the use of credit cards.

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Overseas visitors can now use credit cards to visit certain city attractions such as Okayama City. In the city they want to increase the number of stores and institutions where they will accept credit cards. Insurance companies also support tourism in agricultural regions.

Tokyo Marine Nichido Fire Insurance Co. In July 2016, a 24-hour call center was established to support foreign tourists in case of illness or other problems.

Support is available in 10 languages.

Tokyo-based Geelee Media Group offers an online travel information service, especially for tourists from Taiwan and Hong Kong, many of whom frequent Japan. The company offers articles in local areas of Japan from 30 authors from Taiwan and Hong Kong living in Japan.

The articles cover a variety of topics from locations where popular television shows have been filmed, activities in the Okinawa Sea, and cycling tours in Hokkaido.

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Agriculture in Japan

Asia is the largest agricultural continent on Earth. Agriculture in Japan is based primarily on family enterprises. Agriculturally dwarfed Japan is making determined efforts to shift to industrial development.

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