To find out which vowel should be placed after the hissing consonant, we first determine the part of speech of the word that causes difficulties. Based on whether it is an adjective, noun or adverb, the approach to choosing the desired letter will also differ.
How to avoid mistakes and correctly write a noun, choosing between -about And -e after hissing? Some of the norms of our language presented in the article will help to understand this issue.
Writing letters o/e after sibilants in nouns
One of the main steps towards the correct spelling of a word will be its morphemic analysis. As a result, it will become clear in which part the spelling problem is located, and the algorithm for further actions will depend on its location.
"O" after sizzling nouns
Consider cases where the spelling is at the root. Then the choice of the desired vowel will not depend on gender or stress. It is necessary to choose a suitable letter according to the following rule.
After the hissing ones, “o” is written if the original word cannot be modified or the same root can be chosen so that the spelling alternates with the vowel “e”.
It sounds complicated, but let's take a look at specific examples to finally understand this problem:
- rustle, major, gooseberry : we write -about , since none of these words can be matched with a test with alternating -e in place of spelling;
- chocolate, jockey, driver : the rule continues to apply even to those words where the vowel you are interested in is not under stress, and their gender is feminine or neuter.
O/E after sibilants in suffixes and endings of nouns
When the spelling is at the end of the word you are interested in (that is, in any part of it after the root), you must adhere to the following rule.
In the suffix and the end of the noun under stress, you need to write "o", without stress - "e".
This rule sounds simpler than the previous one, but in reality it is much more difficult to understand it. Examples of vowel selection -about And -e in noun suffixes in place after the sibilant looks like this:
- hare, shirt, girl, old woman : the spelling is under stress and is in the suffix, it is written -about ;
- river, ravine, daughter, little leg : vowel -e no longer under stress, which determines its writing.
Note that in the endings of nouns -about And -e after hissing they will behave in the same way:
- knife, cloak, candle, borscht : the vowel is at the end, is stressed, we write -about ;
- vegetable, poster, lily of the valley : the spelling is also at the end, but is no longer under stress, so it is written -e .
It is worth noting that the same rule will apply to other parts of speech, in particular, adjectives and adverbs. For a better understanding of the material, take a look at the table.
Spelling nouns should be more careful, as they can store many pitfalls in the form of exceptions. In this case, these exceptions will be borrowed words with the suffix -yor- , For example caretaker, conductor, trainer. Across -about only the word will be written major, since in it the spelling is part of the root and obeys the main rule.
The letter "yo" after hissing in a noun
To avoid making a mistake in writing the vowel "yo", you must follow this rule:
“Yo” is written if the original word can be matched with such a single root, where the spelling alternates with the vowel “e”.
Let's see how this rule will work on specific examples:
- comb, whisper, liver : spelled -yo , since these nouns can be matched with alternating test words ( comb, whisper, liver);
- silk, black : these words are easier to change in form, but the rule remains in force, and you need to write -e (silks, boats).
With a more careful analysis of all the rules, it can be noted that the first and last principles interchange each other, as if they “mirror”. This fact can be used to more quickly memorize the norm of the language. This will be clearly demonstrated in the following diagram:
With a little practice, none of these rules will cause you any more trouble. It is enough to devote some time to working out these norms, and then this spelling will never again be able to take you by surprise.
Letters a, u
After w, w, h, w, c letters are written a, u (and not written i, yu ), for example: sorry, Jeanne, boundary; ball, noodles; hour, candle, silent; platform, raincoat; heron, father; creepy, I will say; noise, Shura, tremendous; feeling, I am silent; pike, I'll forgive; train, father.
In several foreign common nouns after w, w a letter is written Yu : jury, julienne, brochure, parachute and some others, more rare.
In some foreign proper names, ethnic names after w, w, c letters are written i, yu , For example: Samogitian Upland, Jules, Saint-Just, Zhuraitis, Siauliai, Zurich, Kotsiubynsky, Tsyurupa, Qu Yuan, Tsyavlovsky, Qianjiang, qiang(people). In these cases, the sounds transmitted by the letters w, w, c are often pronounced softly.
Letters Yu And I traditionally written after h in some surnames Yu - mainly in Lithuanian), for example: Chiurlionis, Steponavichyus, Mkrtchyan, Chiumina.
Letters and, s
After w, w, h, w a letter is written And (and not spelled s ), for example: fat, camelina, interpublishing, tell, sew, reeds, clean, rays, shield, look.
In some foreign proper names after h a letter is written s , for example: Truong Tinh(Vietnamese proper name).
After c a letter is written And or s .
Letter s written in the following cases.
1. In the roots of words: gypsy, chick, chick, chick, tiptoe, tiptoe, chick-chick, chick, chick, chick(and in derivative words, for example: gypsy, gypsy, gypsy, chick, chick).
2. In the endings of nouns and adjectives, for example: cucumbers, archers, capitals, Klintsy, Lyubertsy; stubby, pale-faced, narrow-faced .
3. In the suffix of adjectives -un, For example: Sistersyn, Lisitsyn, Tsaritsyn, Trinity Day. Place names are written in the same way. -tsyn, -tsyno, For example: Tsaritsyn, Golitsyno .
In Russian surnames after c a letter is written And or s in accordance with tradition and with registration in official documents, for example: Tsipko, but Tsybin; Kunitsyn, Kuritsyn, Sinitsyn, Skobeltsyn, Solzhenitsyn, but Vitsin, Yeltsin, Tsitsin.
In all other cases, after c a letter is written And , namely:
a) in the roots of words, including foreign proper names, for example: circus, cycle, top hat, cynomolgus, scurvy, mat, figure, armor, civilization, specificity, cyclone, barber, vaccine, revolution, tsutsik; Cicero, Circe, Zimmerwald, Cincinnati ;
b) in suffixes of foreign origin, for example: organization, electrify, medicine, calcite, publicist, skepticism ;
c) after the first parts of complex and compound words and in sound abbreviations, for example: blitz interview, special boarding school, CEC .
Letters about her after hissing
Letters about her in place of stressed vowels
After w, h, w, w uh a letter is written e , For example: tin, swing, rustle, ginseng, twitter, same(letter name) on the boundary, about a candle, soul, sling; Zhenya, Jack, Shannon .
After w, h, w, w to convey a stressed vowel about a letter is written about or yo .
Letter about written in the following cases.
1. In the endings of nouns and adjectives, as well as in the suffix of adverbs -about , For example: shoulder, knife, shoulder, Ilyich, hut, cloak; boundary, rein, candle, soul, sling; alien, big, alien, big; fresh, hot, good, overall(short forms of the middle gender of adjectives and adverbs).
2. In the suffixes of nouns:
-OK, For example: circle, hook, cockerel, borscht, jump, push, and in derivatives from such words: circle, hook, jump etc.;
-onok And -chonok, For example: teddy bear, mouse, galchonok, barrel, black ;
-onysh: zhonysh ;
-He to(a) and -He to(and) for example: little book, little hand, shirt, vest, money, trousers, verses ;
-ovk(a) (in noun derivatives), for example: chizhovka(female siskin), mouse(rodent), bastard, little bastard ;
-about(but): thicket, clearing(forest felling); same in word slum, where the suffix in the modern language is not distinguished, and in the ironic formation created on its model Khrushchev. Exception: in a word studies spelled yo ;
-otk(but): ratchet ;
-sheep(but): stabbing .
3. In the suffix of adjectives -ov-, For example: hedgehog, brocade, penny, canvas, as well as in nouns on -ovka, -ovnik, derived from adjectives with a suffix -ov-(-ev-): pear And pear tree(cf. pear), hacksaw(cf. knife and option knife), cherry plum(cherry plum), guzhovka(horse-drawn), punch(punchy), tick insect‘heron with tick-like beak’ ( tick-borne), drachovka(bastard, from fight‘kind of planer’), raincoat(raincoat), speech(speech), hogweed(borscht), zhovnik(snake).
The same word is written gooseberry, where the suffix is not distinguished in the modern language.
denominative nouns in -ovka type small piece, hacksaw, raincoat should be distinguished from verbal nouns like overnight stay.
In Russian surnames in hissing + -ov(-yov) is written about or yo in accordance with tradition and registration in official documents: cf., for example, Chernyshov And Chernyshev, Kalachov And Kalachev, Khrushchev And Khrushchev; Emelyan Pugachev.
4. In the suffix of adjectives and adverbs -wow-, For example: fresh, good .
5. In place of a fluent vowel about in nouns and adjectives, for example: gluttonous, gluttonous, gluttonous(cf. eat), pulp(cf. I press), burn, arson, burn, heartburn(cf. sting, sting); trouble(cf. gen. p. gouge), the seam(seam); princesses(gen. n. pl. from princess), scabbard(genus p. from sheath- obsolete. word variant sheath), scrotum, scrotum(gen. p. pl. and dimin. from purse), intestines, intestines(genus p. and decrease from guts), kvashonka(reduced from sourdough), koshomka And nightmare(from nightmare), glasses(from glasses), point(from point), ridiculous(short form of masculine gender from funny); this includes words with the suffix -ok: hook, jump(genus p. hook, jump), etc. (see above, item 2). However, in the words account, account, account, account, calculation(cf. I will count, I will count, I will count, I will count, I will count) a letter is written yo .
As well as ridiculous, are written in necessary cases, colloquial variants of short forms husband. kind scary, must, need .
6. In those roots of Russian words where the vowel about after sizzling always percussive and does not alternate with uh(on a letter e): click(and yell), zhoster, zhokh, zazhor(and option congestion), already; clink glasses, crazy, grebe, prudish, chokh, chohom; to shuffle, rustle, blinkers(and saddlery, saddler).
The same word is written evening(and evening), although it is related to the word evening(and evening).
with a letter about some Russian proper names are written, for example: Zhora, Zhostovo, Pechora(river), Pechory(city), Sholokhov .
7. In the roots of borrowed (foreign language) words. List of basic words: borzhom, joker, junk, joule, major, dude, drum major, force majeure; anchovy, kharcho, choker; hood, gherkin, hood, offshore, torchon, shock, ramrod, shop, shorts, shorts, show; the same in proper names, for example: John, Georges, Joyce, Chaucer, Shaw, Schors .
In all other cases, to transfer the stressed vowel o after w, h, w, w a letter is written yo , namely:
1. In verb endings -eat, -eat, -eat, -ete, For example: lying, cutting, baking, crushing .
2. In imperfective verbs on -yovyvat and verbal nouns -yovyvanie, For example: demarcate, uproot, migrate, obscure; demarcation, uprooting, obscuring; in passive participles -vanished, For example: torn, splintered, splintered .
3. In verbal nouns on -yovka, For example: overnight stay(from spend the night), uprooting, migration, demarcation, retouching(from retouch), peeling(from peel).
4. In the suffix of nouns -yor, For example: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend, trainer, massager .
5. In suffixes of passive participles and verbal adjectives -yonn- And -yeon-, For example: tense(and tense), burnt, baked, softened, detached, simplified; laden, burnt, baked, learned, stewed, waxed; the same in words derived from such participles and adjectives, for example: tension, detachment, simplification, learning, tense, detached, simplified, tension, burnt, stew, condensed milk .
6. In place of the fugitive about in the verbal forms of the past tense husband. kind: burned and prefixes ( burned, burned, burned, burned, burned and etc.; the same in participles: set fire to and etc.; cf. ignite, ignite), -chel(read, learned and others, cf. read, studied), walked and prefixes ( came, left and others, cf. went, came, left). At the same time, writing verb forms with a root burned contrasted with writing single-root nouns with a letter about : burn, arson, burn.
7. In those roots of Russian words, where the shock sound about corresponds in other cognate words or forms to a vowel (stressed or unstressed) transmitted by a letter e.
Here is a list of basic words with such roots (in brackets are the same-root words or forms with the letter e after w, h, w, w ).
Roots with a combination same :
chewed(chew),
gutter(gutter, gutter, gutter),
yellow(yellow, yellowish, yellowing, yolk),
acorn(acorns, stomach‘little acorn’, acorn),
bile, gall(options bile, bile; bile, bile),
wives, wifey, wifey, newlywed(wife, zhenin, woman, feminine, marries, marry),
perch(pole, pole, pole),
millstone(millstone, millstone),
hard, hardness(tough, harsh),
overarm(fathom And fathom),
heavy(harder, get heavier, obsolete. harder).
Roots with a combination what :
twine(tow, tow),
evening(evening, evening),
liver, liver(liver),
honour, honour(honour),
bees, bee(bee, beekeeper),
account, counter, offset, report, accounting, counter, counting, credit, accounting, counting, even, odd, even(count, count, count, set off, take into account, deduction, accounts, accountant, odd),
chobots(chebotar),
bangs, bangs, bangs(pl.) ( brow, petition, ochelie),
canoe(canoes, shuttle),
strike out, strike out, strike out, strike out, cross out, underline(cf. option scribble; cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, underline),
the black(black, blacken, black, blackness, blackish),
callous, callousness(callous, callous),
damn, damn, damn(devils, devils, devils, devils, devils, devils),
dash(devil, devil, devil, devil, devil),
combed, combed, combed, combed, combed, combed, combed, hairstyle, comb, comb, comb(scratch, scratch, comb, comb),
clear, clear, distinct(rosary),
tap dance(checket).
Roots with a combination what :
cheap, cheap(cheap, cheap, cheaper, cheaper),
bag(kosheva),
purse(purse, purse),
millet, millet(millet),
lattice, lattice(pl.), lattice(option: lattice; sieve, sieve),
silk, silk(silk, silky),
whisper, whisper(whisper, whisper, whisper),
wool, longhair, shorthair(wool, woolen, woolen).
Roots with a combination more :
dandy(dapper, dapper, flaunt, flaunt),
cheeks, cheek, slap, cheek(cheek, cheeky),
tickle(tickle, tickle),
slit, slit(slit, slit),
click, click(click, click),
lye, lye(alkali, alkaline),
puppy(whelp, puppy),
brush(bristle).
However, in proper names with the roots of the words listed in paragraph 7, the letter can be written about . In accordance with tradition and registration, the letter is written in official documents about in proper names such as Chobots(name of locality), Chorny, Pshonnaya, Zholobov, Zholtikov(surnames).
8. In the preposition. n. pronouns what: about what, on what, as well as in words how much, no matter what, moreover; in the word yet .
9. In some borrowed words, where the letter yo is transmitted under stress special, different from Russian about, the vowel of the source language, for example: wife premier, schönbrunn, schönberg .
Letters oh e in place of unstressed vowels
In an unstressed position after w, h, w, w a letter is written e uh(on a letter e ), and with shock about(on a letter about or yo ). This applies to roots, suffixes, and endings. Examples: a) tin(cf. tin), cap(bonnet), leg(leg), ironing(angling), cloud(candle); b) turn yellow(cf. yellow), whisper(whisper), polka dots(cockerel), punchy, raincoat(penny, borscht), watchman(siskin), more(cf. big), redhead(someone else's), mightily(hot). Some spellings from e after hissing are not checked by the shock position, for example: desire, stomach, gelatin, loft, wiggle, lisping, grungy, heck .
In a number of words of foreign origin after f, h, sh in an unstressed position, a letter is written about . List of basic words: jonathan, jockey, juggler, majordomo, majoritarian, banjo, harmonica; chonguri, lecho, poncho, rancho, capriccio(cf. option capriccio); chauvinism, chocolate, highway, driver; proper names, for example: Scotland, Jaurès, Chopin, Shostakovich, Boccaccio. Derivatives from words of foreign origin with stress are also written about after hissing and forms of such words, where the vowel after hissing is unstressed, for example: shock(from shock), torchon(from torchon), choker(from choker), ramrod(pl. from ramrod).
Letter about written after hissing not under stress in words with a prefix inter- and in compound words, if it begins the second part of the word, for example: interregional, intercommunal, intersectoral, leather footwear.
Letter about after hissing not under stress, it is also written in individual formations not legalized by the literary norm, for example: bushy(from zhokh), stiff(from prim), shoroshok(‘barely audible rustle’), fresh(from fresh, according to the model rough, clean).
Letters about And e after c
After c to convey a stressed vowel about a letter is written about , to transmit the percussion uh- letter e, For example: clatter, plinth, dancer, dancer, dance, facing, crimson, face, face, cucumber, cucumber, sheep; valuable, whole(letter name) tsetse(fly), sheep, about father .
In an unstressed position after c a letter is written e – in accordance with both shock uh, and with percussion about, for example: a) price(prices), sip(sips), censorship(censor), bird(pollen); b) dance(cf. dancer), blush(crimson), calico(pepper), swamp(porch), bird(pollen), fingers(wise men), short(big), short(Okay). Some spellings from e are not checked by impact position, for example: kiss, cellophane .
In some words of foreign origin in an unstressed position after c a letter is written about : duke, intermezzo, mezzo, palazzo, scherzo, canzonetta, zoisite(mineral), pozzolana(rocks). The same word is written clatter and its derivatives clatter, clatter(cf. clatter).
Letter about spelled after c not under stress in words with first parts blitz, social, special if it starts the second part of a word, for example: blitz operation, blitz survey, social obligation, overalls, special department.
Letter about after c not under stress, it is also written when transmitting non-normative stress options penetrating into written speech, for example: dancer(an accent variant found in poetry), plinth?(professional form named after n. pl. words so? Kol - so? if).
Letter uh after hissing and c
Letter uh written after letters w, h, w, c only in the following special cases.
1. In abbreviations, for example: JEA(housing management office), ZhES(railway power plant), CHEZ(frequency electromagnetic sounding), CELT(color cathode ray tube), CEM(Tsentroelektromontazh is the name of the trust).
2. After prefix inter-, the first parts of complex and compound words at the beginning of roots starting with a letter uh , For example: interfloor, interethnic, Vnesheconombank, blitz emission, special exporter, special effect, special electrode .
3. When transmitting some Chinese words, for example: she(people in China) jen(the main concept of Confucian philosophy), Lao She(Chinese writer) Chengdu, Shenyang(cities), Zhejiang(provinces), Shenzhen(industrial zone in China).
There are 4 hissing sounds in Russian: "Ж", "Ш", "Ш" and "Ч". Historically, two of them, "Ж" and "Ш", are always hard, and the other two, "Ч" and "Ш" are always soft. However, in spelling, this manifests itself exactly the opposite: since childhood, we all know three basic rules:
“ZHI”, “SHI” write with “I” (tire, car, life, animal);
"CHA", "SCHA" write with "A" (charm, janissary, sorrel, screech);
"CHU", "SHU" write with "U" (scarecrow, forelock, squint, rinse).
These rules just need to be remembered, this spelling is not checked. This spelling has developed traditionally, due to the historical features of the language. In all other cases, “U”, “A”, “O” are written after hard sizzling, and after soft ones - “I”, “E”, “Yo”.
Note 1. If the word is of foreign origin, then after the hissing vowel “Yu” or “I” can be written, the same applies to proper names, for example:
- Jury, parachute, Saint-Just, Justine
Note 2. In abbreviations and compound words, it is also allowed to write any vowels after hissing. In such words, especially in abbreviations, there can be all sorts of letter combinations in general. Sometimes even hard to pronounce.
In addition to these rules, there are several more related to the spelling of vowels after hissing and Ts.
1. Spelling of vowels after C.
a). "Y" after "C"
The letter "Y" after "C" is written only in endings and suffix -un-, For example:
sinitsyn, lisitsyn, sheep, lads.
In all other cases, only “I” is written after “C”:
- circus, figure, mat, medicine, Francis.
Note. Exception words: chicken, chicks, gypsies, chick-chick, chick.
b). "Yu" and "I" after "C"
In Russian words, the letters "I" and "Yu" after "C" are not written. However, such a spelling is possible in words of foreign origin:
- Zurich, Sventsiany
v). "O" and "E" after "C"
Everything is a little easier here. Spelling in this case is based on the phonetic principle of Russian spelling.
Under stress after "C" is written "O" or "E" in accordance with what we hear:
- Face, cerberus, clatter, dancer, face, whole, price, etc.
Without stress after "Ts" only "E" is written, with the exception of the word "tsokotuha". This rule applies to all morphemes; in unstressed suffixes and endings, "E" is also written:
- towel, finger, Barents Sea, dance, calico, Kuntsevo, etc.
Note. In borrowed words, O after C can also be written in unstressed syllables:
- palazzo, scherzo
2. Spelling of vowels after hissing "Ж", "Ш", "Ш", "Ч".
2.1. O after hissing in stressed syllables
In stressed syllables, the letter “O” is written after hissing syllables if:
a). Refers to the ending of a noun. For instance:
- shoulder, round, large, kalach, etc.
b). Refers to noun suffixes -OK-(horn, pie, powder, staff, fist, top, boot), -onok–(frog, bear cub, wolf cub, barrel), -He to-(book, money, dog, girl).
v). Refers to adjective suffixes -ov-(soldier, penny, trifling, powder), -on- (ridiculous).
G). Refers to adverb suffix -about-. For instance:
- hot, good, fresh, etc.
e). Refers to the end -is he plural nouns, genitive case, for example:
- princess, intestines.
e). Dictionary words used:
- gooseberry, glutton, pulp, ratchet, slum, thicket, prim, clink glasses, Pechora, seam, rustle, seams;
- nouns heartburn, burn, arson (unlike the verbs burned, burned, set on fire);
- in dialect and colloquial lexical units “zhoknut”, “zazhora”, “zhokh”, “already”, “evening”, “chokh” (“does not believe in sleep or chokh”), “chokhom” (adverb).
Note. In borrowed words, the spelling is the same as the pronunciation, for example:
- hook, major, ramrod, Chaucer, gesture, tablet.
2.2. O after hissing in unstressed syllables
If the word is of Russian origin, then in unstressed syllables after the consonants "Ж", "Ш", "Ч", "Ш" "Е" is always written. However, if the word is foreign, then O can be written in unstressed syllables. For example:
- polka dots, lamb, smaller, red, but a jockey, chocolate.
2.3. Oh after sizzling in all other positions
In all other cases, the letter “Yo” is written in different morphemes, although “O” is heard (in stressed syllables). This applies to the following morphemes:
a). Verb endings -you eat, -yo, -yote, -yo. For instance:
- lying, singing, yelling, drinking, etc.
b). Suffix of verbs and nouns –yovywa. For instance:
- chewed, shaded, pecked, shading, etc.
v). Suffix of adjectives formed from single-root verbs -yovk. For instance:
- chewing, uprooting, delimiting, etc.
G). Noun suffix -yor. For instance:
- trainee, conductor, boyfriend, etc.
e). Roots with alternating "O" (under stress) - "E" (without stress) during pronunciation. For instance:
- yellow (yolk), click (clicks), cheeks (cheek), acorn (stomach), cheap (cheapness), alkali (alkaline), black (blacken), brush (bristle), etc.
e). Passive participle suffix –yonn (-yeon) and in their derivatives. For instance:
- baked, simplified, enthusiastic, distracted, distressed, distressed, peppered, baked, doomed, etc.
g). The end of the prepositional case of the pronoun “what”: about what, at what, in what, etc.
Note to the entire article. These rules do not apply to proper names - surnames of people and geographical names. Such words are written in accordance with personal and regulatory documents.
Vowels O / E (Yo) after hissing and Ts. To decide which vowel ( ABOUT or E) to write after hissing, you have to ask yourself four questions: 1) in what part of the word is the vowel; 2) what part of speech is the word; 3) from what part of speech it is formed; 4) under stress or not a vowel.
Vowels O / E (Yo) after hissing
The algorithm for determining the vowel after the sibilants consists of a maximum of three steps:
1. After hissing under stress, it is written O:
- in the endings of nouns and adjectives, for example: ball, knife, page, rack, paralysis, hut, boundary, candle, someone else's, large(cf. unstressed endings: red, good);
- in suffixes of nouns and adjectives, adverbs: debt, little hand, reed, naked, general.
2. After hissing under stress, it is written e (ё), although it is pronounced [o], in the following cases:
- in the endings of verbs, for example: burn, bake, flow;
- in verb suffix -yovyva-: blur, blur;
- in the suffix of verbal nouns -evk-: demarcation;
- in noun suffix -er-: conductor, trainee;
- in the passive participle suffix -young-, -young- (completed, abbreviated; completed, shortened), verbal adjectives -yeon- (stewed, smoked), as well as in derivative words ( stew, smoked);
- in the prepositional case of the pronoun what: about what, on what, as well as in words and, by no means.
3. After hissing under stress at the root, it is written e (yo), if in related words or in another form of the same word there is an alternation yo from e : yellow - turn yellow, silk - silk, liver - liver, slit - slit.
In words jockey, juggler, shock, chocolate, highway, Scottish, driver, shorts, ramrod, prim, gooseberry, major, glutton, seam, shock, thicket, rustle etc. in the root after the hissing is written about according to pronunciation. In these cases, there is no alternation about from e.
Why you need to remember the rule
In Russian, the syllables CHO and CHO, SHO and SHE, ZHO and SHE, SCHO and SCHÁ are read the same way. Compare: crazy - study, seam - silk, gooseberries - yellow, ratchet - cheeks.
This is because the letters CH and Щ denote only soft sounds, and Zh and Ш only hard sounds, the neighboring vowel cannot soften an already soft or always hard sound.
rule
To choose the right letter correctly, determine in which part of the word it is located: at the root or behind the root.
If the letter is in the root, then you can try to pick up such a single-root word in which E is clearly audible. E and Y alternate, so Y can always be checked. For example, yellow - turn yellow. If your word does not match the same root with E - write O.It is more convenient to learn all the words in the root of which O is written after hissing, and proceed by the elimination method: if the word is in the magic list, write O, if the word is not in the list, select Y. Here are a few words from the list: gooseberries, heartburn, anchovies, seam, shock, rustle, junk, kharcho. The list is updated with borrowed words and is constantly growing. Now in our collection there are about 40 words, in the root of which you should write O. The full list can be obtained and learned in the course .
And now let's see how to choose the desired letter, if it turned out to be in suffix or ending.
There is a completely different principle at work here. First of all, you need to determine whether there is an action in the meaning of the word. The choice of letter depends on this: in verbs and verbal words, it is written Yo, in other cases - O.
Let's take the word "Overnight". There is a verb "to spend the night". The meaning of this word is action. We write after H - Y. Let's take the word "girl". There is no "girl" verb. There is no action in the meaning of this word. After H is written O. An exception- vest.
Most textbooks provide a wording of the rule related to stress. We do not contradict the basic rule of 1956, but consider only one of its points - the stressed position of the letter. In an unstressed position, it is almost impossible to make a mistake ( want more, little brother). The vowels after Ts are also quite clearly heard, this paragraph of the rule does not cause difficulty when writing.
What to look out for
- Note: suffix OK after hissing is always written with O, even if there is an action in the meaning of the word (engine, jump, etc.).
- In a special group it is necessary to allocate words with suffix ЁР indicating the type of occupation. This suffix is always written with the letter Y. There are few words in which this suffix appeared after hissing. Here is an almost exhaustive list: conductor, trainee, boyfriend, retoucher, massage therapist, simulator, traveling salesman.
- Until recently, the exception was the word small things. It was written with y. Now the word has been brought under the main rule.
- In words burn And arson The letter must be chosen according to the part of speech: in nouns it is written O, in verbs - Y. For instance: boy yo g hand. What did the boy do? Burned his hand. The word burn is a verb. We write Y. cool about g hurts a lot. What hurts? Burn. In this sentence, "burn" is a noun. We write the letter O. We also choose the letters in the sentences “The boy set fire to poplar fluff” and “He almost committed arson.”
Examples
Word bug champions river, girl, hand(behind the root, no action).
W yo sweat(letter at the root, check whisper)
Dash yo out(letter at the root, checked cheaper)
W about rox(letter behind the root, is in the list)
Urine yo ny(letter in suffix, participle)
dirizh yo R(suffix ёr)
Such about to(suufix ok)
Pecs yo T(verb ending)
Key about m(noun ending)
Night yo vka(suffix of a verbal noun, there is an action to spend the night)
History of the rule
Now all the formulations of the rule are attempts in various ways to bring spontaneously established spelling norms into a system. The emphasis here is on tradition. Over the centuries, people have written a lot of words with combinations of hissing and O with Yo without any rules, as you like. It was necessary to bring the spelling of all these words to uniformity even during the reform of 1918. Ushakov proposed to do this more than a hundred years ago. But for some reason, at that revolutionary time, the proposal of philologists was not accepted. And now we have a very uncomfortable rule. Not even a rule, but its absence and an attempt to describe the linguistic element with schemes.
Illogicality and inconvenience, a huge number of exceptions and contradictions in the use of O and E after hissing is evident to many specialists, therefore it is proposed to reform the rule constantly at every opportunity. Perhaps that is why the rule is not included in either the USE or the GIA as a separate issue. Children will learn, and suddenly - reform! But until the proponents of change win, let's teach the rule as it is.