An enterprise is an independent economic entity established in the manner prescribed by law to produce products and provide services in order to meet social needs and make a profit. The main features of the enterprise:

• organizational unity: an enterprise is a collective organized in a certain way with its own internal structure and management procedure. Based on the hierarchical principle of economic activity organization;
• a certain set of means of production: an enterprise combines economic resources for the production of economic goods in order to maximize profits;
• separate property: the enterprise has its own property, which it independently uses for certain purposes;
• property liability: the enterprise bears full responsibility with all its property for various obligations;
• the enterprise assumes unity of command, is based on direct, administrative forms of management;
• acts in economic turnover on its own behalf (name);
• operational - economic and economic independence: the enterprise itself carries out various kinds of transactions and operations, it itself receives profit or incurs losses, at the expense of profit it ensures a stable financial position and further development of production.

The internal environment of the enterprise is people, means of production, information and money. The result of the interaction of the components of the internal environment is the finished product (work, services).

The external environment, which directly determines the efficiency and expediency of the enterprise, is primarily the consumers of products, suppliers of production components, as well as government agencies and the population living in the vicinity of the enterprise.

The tasks of the operating enterprise are:

• receipt of income by the owner of the enterprise (among the owners there may be the state, shareholders, private individuals);
• providing consumers with the company's products in accordance with contracts and market demand;
• providing the personnel of the enterprise with wages, normal working conditions and the possibility of professional growth;
• creation of jobs for the population living in the vicinity of the enterprise;
• environmental protection: land, air and water basins;
• prevention of failures in the work of the enterprise (disruption of supply, release of defective products, a sharp reduction in production volumes and a decrease in profitability).

The tasks of the enterprise are determined by:

• the interests of the owner;
• the amount of capital;
• the situation within the enterprise;
• external environment.

The main functions of the enterprise include:

• production of products for industrial and personal consumption in accordance with the profile of the enterprise;
• sale and delivery of products to the consumer;
• after-sales service;
• material and technical support of production;
• management and organization of work of personnel at the enterprise;
• improving product quality, reducing unit costs and increasing production volumes;
• entrepreneurship;
• payment of taxes, as well as mandatory and voluntary contributions and payments to the budget and other financial bodies;
• compliance with applicable standards, regulations, state laws.

The functions of the enterprise are specified and refined depending on:

• enterprise size;
• industry affiliation;
• degrees of specialization and cooperation;
• availability of social infrastructure;
• forms of ownership;
• relationships with local authorities.

Existing and operating enterprises differ from each other in their organizational and legal structure, scale, activity profile, etc., i.e. they are different in terms of conditions, goals and nature of functioning. For a deeper study of entrepreneurial activity, enterprises are usually classified according to the following main features:

By type and nature of activity.

First of all, enterprises differ from each other by industry. They are subdivided into industrial and non-industrial enterprises, and then into smaller subdivisions (industrial, agricultural, credit and financial, transport, etc.). Based on the type or kind of products or services produced by an enterprise, it is possible to single out the actual industry and sub-industry types of enterprises (for example, automotive, coal mining, insurance, etc.).

According to the size of the enterprise.

As a rule, on this basis, enterprises are classified as follows:

• small - up to 50 employees;
• medium - from 50 to 500 (sometimes up to 300);
• large - over 500, including
• especially large - over 1000 employed.

By form of ownership.

The form of ownership underlies the legal status of the enterprise. According to the form of ownership, there are:

• state;
• municipal;
• private;
• cooperative enterprises;
• enterprises owned by public organizations;
• and, in other forms of ownership (including mixed ownership, ownership of foreign persons, citizens and stateless).

Under the state enterprises are understood as purely state, and mixed, or semi-state. In purely state-owned enterprises, the state usually owns all the share capital received as a result of nationalization or newly created. In mixed public-private companies, the state, represented by some ministry or company, may own a significant part of the stake (more than 50%), and then, as a rule, it exercises control over their activities. By ownership of capital.

By ownership of capital and, accordingly, by control over the enterprise, national, foreign and joint (mixed) enterprises are distinguished. National enterprises are those whose capital belongs to the entrepreneurs of their country. Nationality is also determined by the location and registration of the main company. Foreign enterprises are those whose capital is owned by foreign entrepreneurs who fully or to a certain extent ensure their control. Foreign enterprises are formed either through the creation of a joint-stock company or through the purchase of controlling stakes in local firms, leading to the emergence of foreign control.

Mixed by capital refers to enterprises whose capital belongs to entrepreneurs from two or more countries. Registration of a mixed enterprise is carried out in the country of one of the founders on the basis of the legislation in force in it. Mixed enterprises - this is one of the varieties of international interweaving of capital. Joint ventures by capital are called joint ventures in cases where the purpose of their creation is the implementation of joint entrepreneurial activities.

Enterprises whose capital belongs to entrepreneurs from several countries are called multinational. By organizational and legal forms.

1. Business partnerships and companies

2. General partnership

3. Limited partnership (limited partnership)

4. Limited Liability Company (LLC)

5. Additional Liability Company (ALC)

6. Joint stock company (JSC)

7. Production cooperatives (artels)

8. Unitary enterprise (federal state enterprise).

Source - Khungureeva I.P., Shabykova N.E., Ungaeva I.Yu. Enterprise Economics: Textbook. - Ulan-Ude, Publishing House of the ESGTU, 2004. - 240 p.

The main structural unit, the subject of market relations is enterprise (company).

If an entrepreneur is an individual engaged in entrepreneurial activities, then an enterprise is a legal entity created in a certain organizational and legal form for the purpose of carrying out entrepreneurial activities.

An enterprise should be understood as a certain complex used for the production of goods and/or services in any sector of the national economy. The enterprises are ironworks and hairdressing salon, airport and bus depot, coal mine and shop, etc. The enterprise is the main agent of the market system of any modern country. Both abroad and in Russia there is a significant variety of types of enterprises. An enterprise is a property complex used by the owners of this property to carry out entrepreneurial activities.

Currently, enterprises are an element of any market economy, a business entity with economic and legal independence.

The enterprise is an economic link that realizes its own interests through the manufacture and sale of goods and services by combining factors of production.

Each enterprise strives to offer products or services on the market that meet the demand of the consumer (population, enterprises, institutions, etc.) in the best possible way. The desire for the fullest possible satisfaction of needs is practically his only opportunity to maximize profits, win in competition with other manufacturers, and capture a large segment of the market. Hence, any enterprise has an ultimate, main goal - to get the maximum possible profit. But it can get it if it satisfies consumer demand better than other producers.

In the economic lexicon, the term "firm" is used as a general concept: a firm may include one or more enterprises and industries. Under the enterprise, as a rule, is meant a single-profile, single-product production.

Modern firms are mostly diversified industries. This makes the firm more resilient during economic downturns. An unfavorable market situation in relation to one product reduces revenues, but may not affect the conditions of profitability of other products. The dispersal of the company's capital in a number of industries and the formation of diversified production is called capital diversification.

The emergence and wide distribution of firms refers to the period of primitive accumulation of capital. It was then that many individual and associated enterprises began to emerge, which later became the backbone of factory production and the organizational form of entrepreneurial activity. The functions of firms at subsequent stages of economic development and scientific and technological progress were constantly expanding, and their role in the economy increased.

The firm as an economic structure and economic category has evolved significantly over a long period of development of market relations. Initially, the concept of "firm" (from Italian. firma- signature) meant the "trade name" of the merchant. Today, this term means an institution that transforms resources into products.

In academic literature

a firm is understood as a certain organization, an economic and legal entity engaged in entrepreneurial activities and having economic independence in resolving issues: what, how and for whom to produce; where, to whom and at what price to sell?

The main function of the firm is to pool resources to produce the goods and services needed by consumers. The ultimate goal of the company is to maximize the welfare of its owners.

The consumer and the firm are the main agents of market relations. To get a clearer idea of ​​the relationship between the firm and the market, let's highlight the main features of these two institutions for coordinating the economic activity of people.

The market assumes the following conditions:

1) isolation of the means of production (belonging of the factors of production to one or another owner);

2) the dominance of indirect (mediated) forms of connections between people - through prices, money;

3) the use of economic (material) incentives, while direct dictate, order are excluded.

Unlike the market, the firm:

It is based on the concentration (combination) of factors of production;

Assumes the dominance of direct (immediate) connections between employees;

Assumes unity of command, is based on administrative methods of management.

These signs show that the market is a sphere of unconscious, spontaneous coordination of the actions of its participants. Firms are the opposite of the market, they are a planned, or hierarchical, system where all key issues are decided by the owners. Thus, firms and the market are alternative ways of organizing people's economic activities.

In the scientific literature, there are different explanations for the emergence of firms. For example, Adam Smith, and later Karl Marx, believed that firms (manufactories, factories) arose as a result of cooperation between workers based on the division of labor. Such cooperation allowed to significantly reduce production costs and increase the productivity of each employee. Marx, who idealized the factory and the entire factory order, came to the conclusion that it was necessary to expand cooperation to the scale of the whole society.

The American economist Frank Knight (1885-1972) believed that firms emerged as a result of the desire of market agents to minimize risk and uncertainty. The greater the uncertainty, the greater the firm's advantage over the market.

But the explanation of the reasons for the emergence of the firm, which was given by another American economist Ronald Coase, received the greatest recognition in the scientific world. He believed that the firm as an economic institution arises in connection with the high cost of market coordination. Under private ownership, the firm reduces the costs of market exchange, which would otherwise be borne by individual, unorganized producers.

Coase introduced the concept transaction costs (costs) (from lat . "transaction"- transaction). People, of course, knew about them, took them into account in practice, but did not suspect that they were of paramount importance in the emergence of firms, banks, stock exchanges and other institutions of economic life. Coase identified four categories of transaction costs:

1) the cost of collecting and processing information (on potential suppliers and buyers, prices, characteristics of goods and services);

2) the costs of negotiations and decision-making (concluding contracts);

3) the costs of monitoring compliance with the terms of the contract;

4) the costs of legal support of the contract.

Firms and other economic institutions are designed to minimize these costs. They become such alternative organizations that displace the price (market) mechanism and replace it with a system of administrative control. This process consists in the fact that many operations within the firm are carried out without the mediation of the market, which is cheaper. Within the firm, the costs of searching for economic information are reduced, the need for continuous renewal of contracts disappears, and economic relations become stable.

But then it is appropriate to ask another question: if firms allow savings in transaction costs and actually reducing production costs, then why do we need a market at all? Why is not all production carried out by one giant firm? After all, we know that such attempts were made in the former socialist countries, where there was a system of central planning. The command-administrative economy was created in the expectation that the complete displacement of market relations and the formation of social production would ensure gigantic savings in transaction costs.

But that did not happen. The activities of any hierarchical organization are also associated with certain costs, like the market. They can be called the costs of bureaucratic control. Above a certain size, the hierarchy begins to lose control. The cost of searching and processing information is skyrocketing. Ensuring the interest of employees in achieving the goals of the company is increasingly costly. This ultimately leads not to savings, but to an increase in transaction costs in the specific form of costs of bureaucratic control.

It follows that neither the market nor the hierarchy has absolute advantages. Both that, and another has the pluses and minuses. Therefore, when a firm decides whether to go with an external supplier or find an internal source, it must weigh the costs and benefits of both options.

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PLAN.

1. Introduction.

The enterprise is the main economic unit of market conditions.

· Essence and forms of the enterprise. The workforce of the enterprise.

· Types of enterprises. Small enterprises and their role in economic progress.

2. Enterprise management system in market conditions.

· Management of the enterprise and self-management of the labor collective.

The enterprise and the state.

· Intra-economic structure of the enterprise.

· Economic problems of entrepreneurship and ways to solve them.

3. Conclusion.

Introduction

Companythe main economic unit of the market.

The essence and forms of the enterprise. The workforce of the enterprise.

The enterprise occupies a central place in the national economic complex of any country. This is the primary link in the social division of labor. This is where the national income is created. The enterprise acts as a manufacturer and ensures the process of reproduction on the basis of self-sufficiency and independence.

The volume of the created gross national product, the socio-economic development of society, the degree of satisfaction in the material and spiritual benefits of the country's population depend on the success of individual enterprises.

An enterprise as an independent economic unit owns the rights of a legal entity, that is, it has the right to freely dispose of property, receive a loan, and enter into contractual relations with other enterprises. It has a free settlement account in the bank, where there are funds that are used for settlements with other enterprises, for salaries.

It is generally accepted that the optimal dimensions are those that provide the most favorable conditions for the use of the achievements of science and technology at minimum production costs and at the same time the efficient production of high-quality products is achieved.

An enterprise is a form of economic organization in which the individual consumer and producer interact through the market in order to solve three basic economic problems: what, how and for whom to produce. At the same time, none of the entrepreneurs and organizations is consciously occupied with solving this triad of economic problems.

In a market system, everything has a price. Various types of human labor also have a price level of wages, tariffs for services. Market economy for the unconscious coordination of people and businesses through a system of prices and markets. If we take all the various markets, we get a broad system that spontaneously ensures the balance of prices and production through trial and error.

By means of coordination between buyers and sellers (supply and demand) in each of these markets, the market economy solves all three problems simultaneously:

1) what to produce? is determined daily by voting through money (by choosing a product by the buyer and buying it);

2) How to produce? determined by competition between manufacturers, each strives to use the latest technology, win price competition and increase profits, reduce production costs;

3) for whom to produce? is determined by the ratio of supply and demand in the markets, factors of production (labor and means of production).

These markets determine the level of wages, rents, interest and profits, that is, the sources from which incomes are made up. The producer sets his prices by moving his capital to industries with high profits and leaving unprofitable production of goods. All this determines what to produce. Profit is the decisive factor in the functioning of the market economy.

In accordance with the forms of ownership, enterprises of the following types can operate:

1) individual based on personal property and on his labor (without employment);

2) family based on the property and labor of citizens of the same family living together;

3) private an enterprise based on the property of an individual citizen with the right to hire labor;

4) collective based on the ownership of the labor collective, cooperative or other statutory society;

5) state or municipal, based on the property of administrative-territorial units;

6) state an enterprise based on state property;

7) a joint based on the combination of property of different forms of ownership (mixed form of ownership).

Depending on the volume of production, the number of workers, the enterprise can be small, medium, large. Small enterprises with up to 200 employees (in industry and construction), up to 50 people (in other industries), up to 100 people (in science), up to 25 people (non-production), up to 15 people (retail trade).

Enterprises have the right to combine their production, scientific and commercial activities and create the following associations:

1) association a contractual association created for the purpose of constant coordination of economic activities; the association has no right to interfere in the production activities of any of its members;

2) corporation contractual association based on a combination of industrial, scientific and commercial interests with the delegation of individual powers, central regulation of the activities of each of the participants;

3) consortium temporary statutory association of industrial and banking capital to achieve a common goal;

4)concern statutory association of industrial enterprises, scientific organizations, transport, banks, trade, etc. on the basis of complete dependence on one or a group of entrepreneurs.

Each enterprise, in order to solve problems related to the production and sale of goods and the provision of services, must be staffed with a certain number of people capable of performing these works. The workers, engineers and employees engaged in social labor at the enterprise form the labor collectives of these enterprises. The labor collective is the total employee of the enterprise and at the same time the subject of economic relations, which carries out general activities in state, collective, cooperative, private enterprises aimed at satisfying both personal and collective social needs.

The labor collective is a complex organizational and socio-economic structure, which includes workers of workshops, brigades and other divisions of the enterprise. For coordination and consistency between them, an appropriate management system is being created.

The transition from the command-administrative management system to economic methods at all levels requires a broad democratization of the entire system of economic activity, the implementation of management through interests, and the comprehensive activation of workers and members of the labor collective. Therefore, the introduction of self-management at the enterprise is of great importance.

The idea of ​​self-management of labor collectives is connected with the need to democratize the system of managing the production process at the enterprise. As long as the labor collective does not have sufficient powers of the owner, it only acts as the owner, without really being one. And he will not become one until all the acts that fix the alienation of the worker from the means of production are cancelled.

Types of enterprises. Small enterprises and their role in economic progress.

Three main types of enterprises are defined: state, collective and individual. At the same time, the latter group has the opportunity to create an individual, family and private enterprise.

If we consider this issue more broadly, we can distinguish the following types of enterprises:

1. Lease and collective.

Lease is the primary mechanism for the denationalization of property, a means of education and multiplication of collective property.

In accordance with the agreement, the state can lease for 10-15 years for an appropriate fee for temporary use and ownership of the enterprise, production assets and working capital to the labor collective. In a rental enterprise, its founder is the labor collective, which is registered as an organization of tenants, that is, as an independent legal entity.

Lease is a kind of economic calculation, while the tenant of the enterprise has the right to independently distribute the economic estimated income, use it for the development of production, social needs and wages at his own discretion (rent is a form of management, not a type of property). Rent is a fixed amount by the landlord, a fixed payment by the tenant for a certain period.

The rental team strives to improve and develop production. It has more autonomy compared to a rental company.

2. Joint-stock partnerships and partnerships with limited liability.

In a socially oriented market economy, joint-stock property can perform the following functions:

It allows you to expand the sources of accumulation at the expense of the population's funds through the purchase and sale of shares;

Joint-stock entrepreneurship contributes to the democratization of enterprise management, contributes to the creation of a material and technical base, strengthening the interest of workers in the best use of the means of production, working time;

Eliminates the imbalance in the economy between supply and demand,

The amount of money is more effectively regulated, and this form also contributes to the development of commodity-money relations.

There are such types of joint-stock partnerships: joint-stock partnerships of an open type, where shares are distributed by open subscription, that is, by buying and selling on the stock exchange; joint-stock partnerships of a closed type, whose shares are distributed only among their founders.

A share is the main attribute of a joint-stock company. This is a security without a fixed circulation period, confirming the equity participation (share contribution) of a shareholder in the authorized fund of a joint-stock company, confirming membership in it and the right to receive profit in the form of dividends. The share gives the right to participate in the division of property in the liquidation of the partnership.

Types of shares: registered, bearer, preferred, common. If the share is registered, then the register of shares must contain information about each registered share: the owner, the time of acquisition, the number of such shares for each shareholder.

When registering bearer shares, only statements of their total number are entered in the book.

Unlike a common share, a preferred share gives its owner a pre-emptive right to receive dividends, as well as priority participation in the distribution of property of a joint-stock company in the event of its liquidation. The owners of preference shares do not take part in the management of the joint-stock company.

Dividends of a joint-stock company are paid only at the end of the year from the profit that remains after paying taxes and interest on a bank loan.

Disadvantages of joint-stock companies:

1) millions of small shareholders go bankrupt, especially during economic crises;

2) joint-stock companies can carry out various financial frauds on stock exchanges.

3. Contractual partnerships.

They are created by legal entities and individuals when they seek benefits in joint activities in the market, but do not want to lose their independence.

4. Limited Liability Partnerships.

These are closed partnerships that are created by combining share contributions. Here, shares are not issued, dividends are not set, and the profit is distributed in proportion to the contributions of the founders, who are responsible for the obligations of the enterprise only by the amount of invested capital. This is what makes this form of enterprise attractive and convenient.

Prior to the start of registration of the partnership, each founder must deposit at least 30% of his contribution to a bank account. Only after that it is registered with the executive committee of people's deputies at its location.

Small enterprises include newly formed and existing enterprises:

In industry and construction with up to 200 employees;

In other branches of the production sphere with the number of workers up to 50 people;

In science and scientific service with the number of workers up to 100 people;

In non-production industries with up to 25 employees;

In retail trade with up to 15 employees.

The enterprise is created in accordance with the decision of the owner (owners) of the property or the body authorized by him (them), the founding enterprise, organization or the decision of the labor collective in cases and in the manner prescribed by law.

An enterprise can be created as a result of withdrawal from the existing enterprise, the organization of one or more structural divisions, as well as on the basis of a structural unit of existing associations according to the decision of their labor collectives, if there is the consent of the owner or a body authorized by him.

The enterprise receives the rights of a legal entity from the date of its state registration. State registration of an enterprise is carried out in the executive committee of the district, city Council of People's Deputies at the location of the enterprise.

For the state registration of an enterprise, the executive committee of the relevant Council of People's Deputies submits an application, the decision of the founder on the establishment, the charter and other documents.

If a small enterprise does not have its own premises at the time of registration, it is carried out at the legal address of one of its founders.

The enterprise has the right to create branches, representative offices, departments and other separate divisions with the right to open current and settlement accounts.

The company operates on the basis of the charter. The charter is approved by the owner (owners) of the property, and for state enterprises by the owner of the property with the participation of the labor collective.

The charter of the enterprise determines the owner and name of the enterprise, its location, the subject and goals of its activities, its management bodies, the procedure for their formation, the competence and powers of the work collective, the procedure for the formation of the property of the enterprise, the conditions for reorganization and termination of the enterprise.

The property of the enterprise consists of fixed assets and working capital, as well as other values, the value of which is displayed in the independent balance sheet of the enterprise.

The sources of formation of the property of the enterprise are:

Monetary and material contributions of the founders;

Income received from the sale of products, as well as from other types of economic activity;

Income from securities;

Loans from banks and other creditors;

Capital investments and subsidies from budgets;

Proceeds from denationalization and privatization of property;

Acquisition of property of another enterprise, organization;

Free or charitable receipts, donations from organizations, enterprises and citizens;

Other sources not prohibited by legislative acts.

The enterprise has the right to issue its own securities and sell them to legal entities and citizens.

The labor collective of the enterprise consists of all citizens who, by their labor, take part in its activities on the basis of an employment contract (contract, agreement), as well as other forms that regulate the labor relations of an employee with an enterprise.

The labor collective of the enterprise with the right to hire labor:

Considers and approves the draft collective agreement;

Considers and decides, in accordance with the charter of the enterprise, the issue of self-government of the labor collective;

Determines and approves the list and procedure for providing social benefits to employees of the enterprise;

Takes part in the material and moral stimulation of productive labor, encourages inventive and rationalization activities.

The labor collective of a state and other enterprise in which the share of the state in the value of property is more than 50 percent:

Considers, together with the founder, changes and additions to the charter of the enterprise;

Together with the founder of the enterprise determines the conditions for hiring a manager;

Takes part in resolving the issue of withdrawal from the enterprise of one or more structural units to create a new enterprise;

Together with the owner, decides on the entry and exit of the enterprise from the association of enterprises;

Makes decisions about the lease of the enterprise, the creation on the basis of the labor collective of a body for the transition to the lease and redemption of the enterprise.

In case of partial redemption of an enterprise, the labor collective receives the rights of a collective owner.

A collective agreement must be concluded at all enterprises that use hired labor between the owner or a body authorized by him and the labor collective. At all enterprises, the main socialized indicator of the financial results of economic activity is profit (income). The procedure for the use of income is determined by the owner of the enterprise or a body authorized by him in accordance with the charter of the enterprise.

State influence on the choice of directions and volumes of use of profit (income) is carried out through taxes, tax incentives, as well as economic sanctions.

The enterprise independently determines the wage fund without limiting its increase by state bodies. The minimum wage may not be lower than the subsistence minimum, which is established by legislative acts. Enterprises can use tariff rates, official salaries as guidelines for differentiating wages depending on the profession, qualifications of employees, the complexity and conditions of the work and services they perform.

The enterprise sells its products, property at prices and tariffs that are set independently or on a contractual basis, and in cases provided for by legislative acts, at state prices and tariffs. In settlements with foreign partners, contract prices are used, which are formed in accordance with the conditions and prices of the world market. For the products of enterprises that occupy a monopoly position in the market of goods that determine the scale of prices in the economy and the social security of the population. At the same time, state prices should take into account the industry average cost of production and ensure a minimum level of profitability of the products to which they apply.

Issues of social development, including the improvement of working conditions, life, health, guarantees of compulsory medical insurance, insurance of members of the labor collective and their families, are resolved by the labor collective with the participation of the owner in accordance with the charter of the enterprise, the collective agreement and legislative acts of Russia.

Losses (including expected and not received income) brought to the enterprise as a result of the execution of directives of state or other bodies or their officials who violated the rights of the enterprise, as well as due to improper implementation by such bodies or their officials of obligations stipulated by law in relation to enterprises, are subject to reimbursement at their expense. Disputes on compensation for losses shall be resolved by a court or arbitration tribunal in accordance with their competence.

The state helps the development of the market by regulating it with the help of economic laws and incentives, implements an antimonopoly program, and ensures the social protection of all workers. The state provides favorable conditions for enterprises that introduce advanced technologies, create new jobs, use the labor of citizens who require social protection. The state should stimulate the development of small businesses in Russia: give tax breaks, receive government loans, and create funds to help small businesses develop.

The commercial secret of an enterprise is understood as statements related to production, technological information, management, finances and other activities of the enterprise, which are not state secrets, but disclosure (transfer, leakage) of which may harm its interests.

The company is obliged:

Protect the environment from pollution and other harmful activities;

Compensate the relevant Council of People's Deputies for losses caused by the irrational use of land and other natural resources and environmental pollution;

Ensure production safety, sanitary and hygienic standards and requirements for protecting the health of its employees, the public and consumers of products.

Control over certain aspects of the enterprise's activities is carried out by the state tax inspectorate, state bodies entrusted with monitoring the safety of production and labor, fire and environmental safety.

Liquidation and reorganization (merger, partition, withdrawal, transformation) of an enterprise are carried out by decision of the owner and with the participation of the labor collective or by a court decision. The company is also liquidated in the following cases:

Declaring him bankrupt;

If a decision has been made to ban the activities of the enterprise due to non-fulfillment of the conditions established by law, and within the time period stipulated by the decision, these conditions are not met or the type of activity is not changed;

If the court decision invalidates the documents and the decision to establish an enterprise.

Enterprise management system in market conditions.

Enterprise management and self-management of the labor collective.

To implement the production, economic and social functions of the enterprise, an administrative apparatus is created. The number of divisions, the organizational structure of the enterprise, the states depend on the specifics of production and are determined by the enterprise itself.

The basic principle of managing state enterprises has been and remains the principle of democratic centralism. Its essence lies in the unification of centralized management with the provision of a certain independence to them. Under the conditions of the command-administrative system, there was excessive centralization in management, and the independence of the enterprise was limited and had a fictitious character.

An important principle of management is a single leadership, that is, subordination to the head of all departments of the enterprise, all members of the workforce. This also means that the head of the enterprise or the relevant subdivision personally manages, organizes and is responsible for the efficient operation of the enterprise and its workforce. Such leadership is carried out by him through his deputies and heads of the relevant departments of the enterprise (personnel department, planning and economic, legal departments, accounting, office), who are functionally subordinate only to the director of the enterprise.

The effective operation of the enterprise largely depends on the quality of the management personnel. It is from the manager, his economic and technical awareness, the ability to manage the team that the success of the enterprise depends.

Management is power relations, and their content is determined by the nature of ownership. Within the framework of his property and rights, the owner-owner himself determines the methods and system of management. He has a monopoly over the management of his property. If the enterprise is state-owned, then the relevant management functions are carried out by the state through its authorized managers. At the same time, the collective is only an organized aggregate of hired workers who, in part, at the request of the owner, to a greater or lesser extent, can be admitted to the management of production.

If the owner of an enterprise is a labor collective, a joint-stock company, a cooperative, then the heads of such enterprises are elected. The supreme governing body of such enterprises is the general collections of property owners. Executive functions for the management of the collective enterprise are carried out by the board.

The board of the enterprise is elected by the owners of the property at general meetings by secret ballot on an alternative basis. From among its members, the board elects a chairman and his deputies, or their role is performed by all members of the board in turn.

At all enterprises where hired labor is used, a collective agreement is concluded between the owner and the labor collective. This agreement regulates the productive, labor and economic relations of the labor collective with the administration of the enterprise, issues of labor protection, social development, participation of employees in the use of the profits of the enterprise, etc.

The labor collective considers and approves the draft collective agreement, decides, in accordance with the charter of the enterprise, issues of self-government of the labor collective, determines and approves the list and procedure for granting social benefits to employees of the enterprise.

Enterprise and State.

The unrestricted activity of the enterprise generates serious social injustice, and often environmental danger. Therefore, the enterprise must comply with clearly defined requirements from the government, consumers and environmentalists. The most advanced foreign enterprises respond to this by developing social programs in order to assign themselves the status of a responsible member of society. At the same time, enterprises use targeted actions to prevent the adoption of laws that restrict entrepreneurial freedom. The most important thing for the operation of those enterprises that do not want to cease to exist is adaptation to the requirements of society.

The success of an enterprise depends to a large extent on who and how regulates and controls relations with the regional environment. The Soviet experience showed that full-scale control of the activities of enterprises from above is undesirable, since it makes them inefficient. The experience of developed countries, in turn, shows that with minimal control from above, enterprises create more benefits and are more efficient. But due to the fact that the national wealth is constantly increasing, and the distribution remains uneven, this increase is accompanied by the destruction of the political, economic and social environment, indifference to the urgent problems of enterprises.

The traditional areas of control of entrepreneurial behavior by state authorities are: products, production technology, behavior in competition, profit, resources, ownership and organization of intra-company management.

It is not allowed to engage in entrepreneurial activities of the following categories of citizens: military personnel, officials, prosecutors, courts, state security, internal affairs, state arbitration, state notaries, as well as state authorities and administrations called upon to exercise control over the activities of enterprises.

Persons who have been banned by the court from engaging in certain activities cannot be registered as entrepreneurs with the right to carry out the relevant type of activity until the expiration of the period established by the court verdict.

Entrepreneurs have the right to make decisions without restrictions and carry out independently any activity that does not contradict the current legislation.

Activities for the manufacture and sale of narcotic drugs, military weapons and ammunition for it, explosives can only be carried out by state enterprises.

Without a special permit (license), the following cannot be carried out:

Search and exploitation of mineral deposits;

Manufacture and repair, sale of sports, hunting, firearms and ammunition, as well as edged weapons;

Manufacture and sale of medicines and chemicals;

Production of beer and wine;

Production of alcohol, vodka, liquor and cognac products;

Manufacture of tobacco products;

medical practice;

Veterinary practice;

Legal practice;

Creation and maintenance of gambling establishments, organization of gambling;

Trade in alcoholic beverages;

Domestic and international transportation of passengers and cargo by air, river, sea, rail and road transport;

Production of securities and signs of postage payment;

Intermediary activity with privatization papers;

Provision of services for the protection of state, collective and private property;

Installation, repair and preventive maintenance of security alarms;

Extraction, production and use of radioactive substances and sources of ionizing radiation, processing and disposal of radioactive waste;

Extraction of precious metals and precious stones, manufacture and sale of products using them;

Collection, processing of solid and liquid waste products containing precious metals and precious stones, and their scrap;

Performance of aviation-chemical works and aerial photography;

Design, construction and operation of nuclear power facilities, as well as the provision of services for their maintenance;

Audit activity;

Insurance activity;

Manufacture and sale of veterinary medicines and preparations;

Construction and maintenance of national networks for data transmission and documentary communications;

Construction and maintenance of transmitting stations of satellite communications;

International and intercity postal transportation;

Processing of mail correspondence;

Issuing and receiving money transfers;

Use of radio frequencies;

Production and repair of measuring and control instruments;

Performing topographic and geodesic, cartographic works and cadastral surveys;

On-farm structure of the enterprise .

The main task of the enterprise is to satisfy the social needs of the given region in some way, while receiving profit, due to which the social and economic interests of this team and the owner of the enterprise's property are satisfied.

Each enterprise, firm, association, regardless of the form of ownership, operates on the basis of economic (commercial) calculation. Cost accounting principles:

1) self-financing;

2) self-sufficiency;

3) material interest;

4) economic responsibility;

5) freedom of economic activity;

6) competition between producers, control over their economic activities.

Commercial calculation is an economic category of commodity production, which reflects a complex system of economic relations that arise in the process of using the means of production, selling products, in the distribution and use of income and profits.

The transition to market economic relations exacerbates the problem of finding ways to improve the stability of enterprises. The most important stabilizing and at the same time little studied factor is the creation of an on-farm (relative to the enterprise) infrastructure that meets modern requirements that are put forward to the conditions and nature of work, the relationship between the interests of individual workers and teams, and the socio-psychological environment. Insufficient attention to these requirements, both in the creation of new enterprises and in the process of organizing the functioning of existing enterprises, leads to the fact that equipping enterprises with high-performance equipment is often characterized by low economic efficiency.

An analysis of the experience of prosperous firms in developed countries leads to the conclusion that their consistently high results are determined by ensuring the interaction of technological, organizational and social elements of production, which is achieved through the implementation of a new concept of economic development. The basis of this concept is the orientation of management to the person, in contrast to the methods used for a long time, in which the main objects of management were complexes of machines and technological processes.

The integration of technological, organizational and social processes is achieved by creating an on-farm social infrastructure, the basis of which is a set of factors that are formed as a result of the implementation of a set of social requirements. By its economic nature, the structure of an enterprise is an integral part of the production forces of society, which performs the functions of ensuring the conditions for the effective development of this production system.

As you know, in any process of production, regardless of its social form, material and personal factors of production, means of production and people take part.

From the material and technical side, the production assets of the enterprise are characterized by a certain structure. Thus, production assets are divided into productive and circulation funds, into fixed and circulating assets, into monetary, productive and commodity parts, and fixed assets into active and passive parts, etc. The material and technical structure of the enterprise is different depending on the industry, technical progress and is an important indicator of the development of the productive forces of society.

The socio-economic nature of an enterprise is determined by the form of ownership of production assets. Ownership can be state, communal, private, collective, mixed, joint-stock. Based on this, production assets should be considered material and personal factors of production that are owned or disposed of by the enterprise and serve as the material basis of its production activities.

Production assets are in constant motion. They pass through three stages, change three forms - monetary, productive and commodity, and in each of them they perform a corresponding function.

The first stage of the circuit lies in the transformation of monetary funds into productive ones, that is, into means of production and production personnel. This stage lies in the purchase of means of production and the hiring of workers and takes place in the market.

The second stage of the circulation of productive assets lies in the transformation of productive assets into finished products, commodities. This stage occurs in the sphere of production. At the stage of circulation, production assets function in a productive form, that is, in the form of means of production and producers.

The third stage of the circulation of production assets lies in the transformation of commodities into money. It takes place in the service industry. In the third stage, the productive funds pass into the form of a commodity. This commodity differs from the commodity purchased at the first stage both in its natural form and in its value, since it includes, in addition to the cost of labor power and the cost of the spent means of production, also an additional value.

The circulation of production assets is their movement, in the course of which they pass through three stages, three forms, and in each of them they perform a corresponding function.

Economic problems of entrepreneurship

and ways to solve them.

Among a number of various factors of economic growth, the most significant are considered to be the skillful implementation of the entrepreneurial potential of the country's citizens, the effective use of an individual's independent economic initiative in the economic mechanism, the recognition of entrepreneurship as an indispensable force for economic dynamics, competitiveness and social prosperity.

In order to intensify efforts in this direction and to better understand the whole range of existing problems, first of all, it is necessary to dwell on the theoretical aspect of the problem of entrepreneurship. Despite the large number of works on this topic, to date, a clear, based on scientific theory, unambiguous definition of the concept of entrepreneurship has not yet developed. The concepts that exist today characterize entrepreneurship in three directions:

1) the availability of various types of resources and the ability to dispose of them for the purpose of making a profit with the constant presence of a risk factor and the uncertainty of the final result of the activity;

2) effective management and organization of the production process with constant and widespread use of innovations;

3) special innovative, creative behavior of an economic entity, its entrepreneurial spirit, which is the driving force of the economic process.

The main condition for the existence of entrepreneurship, scientists and practitioners see in the creation of a competitive environment and the provision of economic freedom to a business entity. Already such an understanding of the essence of the problem makes it possible to explain an important feature of the development of the modern world economy, the ever-increasing role of small business. Its quality criteria are:

Predominance of private ownership of the means of production;

Legal and economic independence in decision-making;

Simplified control system;

Professional interchangeability of workers;

Direct participation of the owner in the management of the enterprise;

Initiative, search character of activity.

It is easy to see that the principles of activity of these firms are close to the characteristics of entrepreneurship. Indeed, almost everywhere there is an identification of entrepreneurship with small business, the term “small business” is widely used in domestic science and practice.

The reason for this phenomenon is also obvious - the wide spread of entrepreneurship in the spheres of small business. It is this sector of the economy that represents the most effective system for selecting talented and enterprising people, allows you to create the necessary atmosphere of competition, and contributes to the rapid solution of a number of problems that cannot be resolved by larger economic structures.

Competition is the main condition under which market mechanisms operate, generating incentives, forming market abundance, variety of assortment and high quality of goods and services.

Russia, like other countries with economies in transition, inherited from the Soviet state-monopoly system a set of relations between enterprises that is incompatible with the competitive environment. In a system based on the universal stateization of property and over-centralization, large and largest enterprises significantly prevailed. In the former USSR, enterprises employing more than 1,000 people produced almost 3/4 of all industrial products, concentrated 80% of the main industrial production assets, consumed more than 90% of all electricity. This level of concentration was adequate to the planning and directive system, the theory and practice of which proceeded from the concept of the economy as a single complex. It is convenient to manage a small number of large enterprises, set planned targets and standards for them, distribute resources between them, appoint and dismiss managers, etc.

The monopoly of the planning-directive system is mainly departmental monopoly, the nature of which, in essence, is not related to the size of enterprises and their number. Meanwhile, the destruction of departmental monopoly by itself does not form a competitive environment, since in most industries there remains a high level of concentration of production, that is, the predominance of a small number of large enterprises. There is only a certain shift in the structure of monopoly; departmental monopoly is being supplanted by enterprise monopoly. In terms of its negative consequences, the latter is no better than departmental monopoly. On the contrary, if departmental monopoly leaves some opportunities for control over the excessive “appetites” of monopoly enterprises, then the monopoly of enterprises in its pure form gives rise to price chaos, creates the opportunity to “push buyers to the wall” in terms of the range of products and its quality, to postpone indefinitely technological production update.

Of course, a competitive environment can also be created under these conditions on the basis of the liberalization of relations with the foreign market, in particular, by easing customs restrictions on foreign goods entering the domestic market, while simultaneously strengthening control over their quality. But such a way of forming a competitive environment during the deepest economic crisis is extremely dangerous. The competitive environment created in this way can only increase the effect of the forces that destroy the national economy. It should be taken into account that the goods produced by the majority of Ukrainian enterprises are uncompetitive in comparison with the goods of the world market. Most Ukrainian enterprises will not be able to withstand this competition, which may aggravate their already difficult situation.

There is an opinion that the solution to this problem lies in the technological renewal of production, which should make the products of enterprises competitive. However, this decision also seems doubtful, primarily because of the conditions for its implementation. Galloping inflation makes innovation unlikely, since normal business activity is not able to provide the necessary funds for investment. It is also doubtful to receive funds for this purpose from the outside, since the conditions of the same inflation and instability of the economy force investors to look for such investments of capital that can give an immediate return, while investments in production are always associated with a significant period of time and risk.

But even if large enterprises manage to update the technology, in many cases they are doomed to remain uncompetitive in the global market. This is due not least to the peculiarities of their structure, which has developed under the conditions of the command-administrative system.

Enterprises (primarily large ones, but not only them) were created on the principle of a maximally closed complex of subdivisions. This was dictated by the real conditions of the enterprises and was legalized by the regulations governing their standard structures. The composition of the main production units was formed in such a way as to minimize the dependence of enterprises on suppliers. At each enterprise, a wide range of subdivisions of auxiliary and service industries was created. The administrative apparatus, as a rule, included numerous departments, groups, bureaus, and laboratories.

This approach to the formation of the structure of enterprises was dictated not only by the desire to limit communications as much as possible due to interdepartmental barriers, but also by the fact that payment for the services of third-party organizations, as a rule, was more expensive compared to the costs of maintaining their respective departments. In addition, this approach to the formation of the structure of enterprises was facilitated by the accepted procedure for remuneration of managers, depending on the category of enterprises.

The market economy has responded to this structural feature of "traditional" enterprises with certain trends. In recent years, in countries with modern market economies, there has been a clear desire of enterprises to distance themselves from many functions previously performed by their internal divisions, primarily those that were distinguished by pulsating loads. It is due to this factor that the number of industrial giants is decreasing and, at the same time, the number of small enterprises is increasing. Contrary to the theoretical dogma about the inevitability of the process of concentration of production, the average size of enterprises shows a clear tendency to decrease.

This process makes the market economy more dynamic, mobile, receptive to innovation, increases its ability to quickly respond to market demand and its changes. At the same time, a growing part of entrepreneurial risk is transferred to small enterprises, and the work of large enterprises, which remain the foundation of a market economy and its export potential, is becoming more stable. It should be especially noted that the development of small business is accompanied by an expansion of the competitive environment, the intrusion of competition into areas that were previously represented by non-competitive relations of internal divisions of enterprises.

Of course, when characterizing the growing role of small enterprises in a market economy, one should take into account not only their importance in the entire infrastructure of enterprises, but also the social side of the process, in particular, the role of small enterprises as a factor in changing the structure of ownership, as a regulator of employment, and in general as a buffer zone of the market economy. an economy capable of mitigating the consequences of structural changes taking place in it.

Various options for the process of forming a network of small enterprises that perform the functions of forming infrastructure in the entire set of enterprises can be named. First of all, small enterprises can be created by spinning off units, from a larger enterprise with the provision of appropriate rights (legal entity, opening a current account, independent balance sheet, etc.). At the same time, a small business gets the opportunity to independently form a portfolio of orders, which makes its income directly dependent on the results of its own activities. However, numerous problems and difficulties are inevitable along the way. In particular, they are associated with the formation of ownership of the property of small enterprises, with the material and technical support of production and, consequently, the distribution and use of its income. These problems do not disappear even if the creation of small enterprises is carried out on the basis of the transfer of property for rent.

The creation of small enterprises by spinning off from larger ones may be associated with corporatization, for example, by giving subdivisions the forms of small joint-stock companies, the shares of which can be distributed both among the workforce of the enterprise (large and small) and through free sale. But with any options for budding, the main problem remains. Receiving independence from the hands of a large enterprise, small enterprises become independent subjects of market relations. Therefore, the question inevitably arises of the extent to which these newly formed subjects of production activity are able to reliably and efficiently perform their functions as elements of the infrastructure of other enterprises, including in relation to those from which they separated, and also what will their products and services cost to enterprises remaining without corresponding divisions.

The problem noted above arises from the fact that the method of creating small enterprises on the basis of the disintegration of larger ones is not capable of creating a competitive environment and, consequently, mechanisms that affect the activities of small enterprises, the quality of their products and services, as well as prices. their implementation. This explains the failure of many attempts to form small enterprises on this basis. There were cases when the separation of a number of small enterprises from large enterprises not only did not bring success, but also became an additional factor in reducing output and reducing its competitiveness.

The correct conclusions are suggested by the experience of large companies in countries with developed modern market economies. It is known, for example, that the enterprises of such a large company as General Motors serve 32 thousand suppliers that form its infrastructure (mainly in the form of small enterprises). The company's products are sold by 11,000 independent dealers operating in many countries. The same data can be given for Japanese electronic, automotive, construction and other companies. A characteristic feature of such systems is the mobility of the composition and structure of small enterprises. A significant part of them exist only for a short time, and then disappear or change their type of activity. At the same time, new small enterprises are emerging offering their products and services. As a result, the systems, including large, medium and small enterprises, function steadily and in accordance with the emerging market conditions.

It follows from the foregoing that, on the basis of spinning off alone, it is impossible to create systems that optimally combine enterprises of different sizes and different functions. One of the most important conditions for Ukraine to reach the level of competitiveness with far-abroad enterprises is the creation of the most favorable conditions for the formation of such a mass of small enterprises, which together are able to perform infrastructure functions on a competitive basis.

These should be small enterprises with a wide range of social orientation, size and type of activity. These can be enterprises with a minimum number of employees and without employees in general, family enterprises. Small enterprises can specialize in the manufacture of relatively simple elements of products, the composition and range of which change in accordance with market requirements. There is also a need for enterprises that, on a contractual basis, carry out maintenance and repairs of equipment, computers, instruments and apparatus.

This entire vast area of ​​small business should be such that all enterprises, and primarily large and medium-sized ones, have the opportunity to choose suppliers and partners whose products and services are of high quality, reliability and stable prices, thereby proving the advantages of this system over with a number of enterprises of a closed complex, which were inherited from the command-administrative system. Naturally, the creation of such a small business network requires certain logistical, financial, credit and organizational prerequisites.

Giving the process of creating small enterprises a mass character leads to the emergence of a small business zone that can successfully enter the infrastructure of enterprises. Meanwhile, this process faces many difficulties and problems.

In recent years, in particular, there have been generally favorable changes in the mechanism for creating new enterprises, including small ones. The procedure for passing documents related to obtaining permits for entrepreneurial activity has been significantly simplified. This led to a significant reduction in the time required for this. If earlier numerous official visas were required, which dragged out the time for processing documents for many weeks and even months, now this time has been reduced to several days, and the deadlines for processing are practically limited only by the frequency of meetings of the commissions of the executive authorities that give the final decision. True, it should be noted the overestimated difficulty and complexity of filling out the necessary documents. But this difficulty can be easily overcome, since firms have arisen that take over the entire registration process for a relatively small fee.

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The enterprise as a production and economic system. Firm and enterprise. Enterprise organization. Firm types. Variety of firms. Organizational forms of enterprises. Classification of enterprises by type of activity. Enterprise sizes.

Introduction.

1.1. The enterprise is a key component of a country's economic potential.

1.3. Manufacturing enterprise.

Section 2. Enterprise as an economic entity.

2.1. Legislative bases of the enterprise.

2.2. The order of formation and liquidation of the enterprise.

2.3. Life cycle of the enterprise and its efficiency.

2.4. Enterprise sanitation.

2.5. Associations of enterprises.

Conclusion.
Bibliography.

Introduction
Russia's gradual transition from a centrally planned economic system to a market one raises in a new way the question of how the enterprise's economy should be managed. In the conditions of market relations, the center of economic activity moves to the main link of the entire economy - the enterprise. It is at this level that the products needed by society are created, the necessary services are provided. The most qualified personnel are concentrated at the enterprise. Traditional structures and ways are changing. Under these conditions, the heads of enterprises, studying and shaping what is called civilized forms of market relations, become a kind of "architects" of the development of new economic relations and methods of conducting the enterprise's economy.
In economic practice and literature, two similar concepts are widely used - an enterprise and a firm. They are often treated as synonyms. Nevertheless, in Russian, the concept of a firm, as a rule, denotes the most general name of an economic institution of an industrial and non-industrial profile. Most often, this refers to a large diversified organization with many separate enterprises, branches, institutions (such as concerns, holdings, etc.) included in it. Along with this, in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, each organization recognized as a legal entity receives a company name upon registration. In this case, the company is just the general name of the institution.
It is generally accepted that an enterprise without a corporate name cannot have other legal entities in its structure. On the contrary, firms may include legal entities subordinate to it, including branches, subsidiaries and other commercial and non-commercial (for example, health) structures. Often they have an independent authorized capital, bank account, the right to dispose of the property entrusted to them and are responsible for the results of their activities. As a rule, branches, representative offices and departments of the company are located in various remote areas.
Enterprises include commercial organizations, primarily of a production and trade-intermediary profile, which, as the main task of their activity, pursue the goal of generating income. They have their own bank account. Separate property is in their ownership, economic management or operational management. The enterprise, being a legal entity, is liable with this property for all its obligations. It may, on its own behalf, acquire additional property and carry out property and non-property transactions related to the activities of the enterprise, be a plaintiff and defendant in court.
The purpose of this course work: to consider the activities of the enterprise in a market economy, its types, types, forms, its goals and functions, the life cycle of the enterprise, their associations. This knowledge is key in the activity of the enterprise, because in a market economy, only those who most competently and competently determine the requirements of the market, create and organize the production of products that are in demand, and provide high incomes for highly qualified workers will survive. The tasks set can be performed by those who have mastered the basics of the enterprise's economics.

Section 1. Enterprise in a market system.
1.1 The enterprise is a key component of a country's economic potential.
The economy of any country presents to us as the activity of a huge number of economic entities that create a variety of goods and services. Some of them produce goods necessary for a person - consumer goods (food, clothes, shoes, etc.). Others create investment goods (used in the production process: machine tools, machinery, ore, metal, etc.). There are enterprises whose work is necessary in order to deliver raw materials or finished products to their destinations - transport enterprises. There are whole groups of various enterprises that provide production services - store products, provide energy, communications, etc. Finally, a person himself needs a variety of services, services that make his life more convenient, comfortable, freeing him from everyday household and everyday worries, and for which he is ready to pay.
If we ignore the diversity of products produced by each specific enterprise, then we can single out those common features that are common to all of them.
First of all, you can see that each enterprise is a set of certain means of production (for example, in order to produce pig iron, blast furnaces, the ore from which it is smelted, coal, all kinds of additives, etc.) are needed.
The set of means of production for each enterprise producing a certain type of product has its own characteristics, specifics and technologies, i.e. production methods.
But in themselves the means of production, not covered by a living flame, as K. Marx figuratively said, is only a dead heap of things. In order to revive them, to put them into action, labor is needed, workers are needed, they use the means of production to create a new product. Therefore, an indispensable and essential feature of the enterprise is the totality of workers united by a common labor process.
In the process of labor, a whole range of relations arise between workers, which are called relations of production. These include:
- organizational relations due to the peculiarities of the production technology and division of labor within the framework of a given enterprise (the sequence of work, their ordering, the interaction of various parts and links of the enterprise);
- connections that are caused and follow from the relations of ownership of the means of production (these are relations of distribution, management, and often consumption);
- Relationships that each enterprise enters into with other economic entities external to it.
These signs do not exist separately from each other. It is their totality and unity that give certainty and integrity to the enterprise as a special, separate link in the economic system.
Thus, an enterprise is a separate technical and economic social complex designed to produce benefits useful to society.
In a market economy, the commodity nature of social production, enterprises act as commodity producers. The products they produce act as a commodity, i.e. takes on a commercial form.
The market environment in which enterprises are immersed and in which they operate transforms all components of the enterprise, necessitates their monetary valuation and comparison with results, market principles of use. So, all the resources coming to the enterprise have a monetary value. The results of the enterprise's activities are also in monetary form (income, profit).
Market principles of activity - rationality, economy and efficiency - find the primary sphere of their implementation at the level of the enterprise.
Finally, competition - this engine of market development - finds its main subject in the enterprise.
By producing goods and services necessary for society, the enterprises that create them form the material and social conditions for the life and development of society. The significance of enterprises in the sphere of material production is determined by the role that material production plays in the life of society. Consequently, the enterprise is not only a separate, but also the primary link in the economic system.
The purpose of the production activity of enterprises is dual. To get a profit from the sale of manufactured products, to make it as large as possible - this is the immediate goal and motive of the activities of enterprises. But you can make a profit only by producing products that are necessary for consumers, i.e. goods in demand. Therefore, enterprises are forced to simultaneously achieve another goal - to satisfy the needs of consumers more fully and in the best possible way.
The enterprise itself, as a complex system, acts as:
- legally (legislative) formalized subject-object body;
- economic object;
- social organism;
- organizational structure;
- spatial-technical organism.
As an integral system, object and subject of various relationships, the enterprise acts as a legal entity that owns, manages or manages separate property, exercises property rights and is liable for its obligations with this property.
As a subsystem of the state (or world) economy, an enterprise can be considered as a representative of a certain branch of the economy, such as production at the regional or state level.
As a system with a complex internal structure, an enterprise can act in the form of organizational, industrial, technical, functional and other types of structures that characterize the interaction of various factors and elements of the organization to achieve its goals.
Enterprises stand out from other organizations in a number of ways.
First, being a generator of social wealth, they are the main supplier of material goods.
Secondly, it was the enterprises that solved one of the key tasks of the development of human society: they carry out expanded reproduction, which allows not only to accumulate material, intellectual and spiritual values ​​(due to the profits received), but also qualitatively transform them, i.e. essentially provide the very opportunity for the development of society.
Thirdly, firms, carrying out their economic activities, are the main "donor" of the state, directing tax payments to the treasury, which they use to solve national and regional problems.
Fourth, by paying wages to their employees, dividends to shareholders, acting as a seller and buyer in the enterprise market, they form purchasing power.
Fifth, enterprises form the most important markets - labor, capital and investment, goods and means of production.
At the same time, the manufacturing enterprises themselves are the object of influence on the part of society.

1.2. Classification of enterprises.
Enterprises differ from each other in many characteristics, according to which they are classified. The main features of the classification of enterprises into groups are: industry and subject specialization,

- production structure,

- the capacity of the production potential (the size of the enterprise).

Until now, one of the main ones was considered to be sectoral differences in products, including their purpose, methods of production and consumption. Already when creating an enterprise, it is clearly defined for which specific type of product (type of work) it is intended. Depending on this, enterprises are divided into:
- industrial enterprises for the production of food, clothing and footwear; for the manufacture of machinery, equipment, tools, the extraction of raw materials, the production of materials, the generation of electricity, etc.;
- agricultural enterprises for growing grain, vegetables, livestock, industrial crops;
- enterprises of the construction industry, transport.
The most important from the point of view of human needs are enterprises that produce consumer goods. These are enterprises of agriculture, food and light industry, as well as enterprises of mechanical engineering, chemical, woodworking industries that manufacture consumer goods, housing and municipal construction. A large number of enterprises are associated with the provision of specialized
Organizational and legal forms of production organizations in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation are shown in Figure 1.
The market economy implies a significant variety of organizational and legal forms of enterprises. This is explained by the fact that one part of the country's national economy is owned and managed by private citizens, either individually or collectively, while the other part is managed by organizations established by the government or local authorities. In addition, business in any state is carried out on a different scale.

Fig.1. Organizational and legal forms of organization.
An individual entrepreneur conducts business at his own expense, independently makes decisions. Its advantage is in the speed of decision-making and instant response to consumer requests. However, with this form of business organization, financial resources are limited, which does not allow large-scale production. The limited scale of production is the reason for high costs and low competitiveness.
Combining individuals and legal entities to conduct joint activities allows you to increase the amount of attracted production resources. At the same time, at enterprises with several owners, the efficiency of decision-making is low.
The advantages of small enterprises can be considered a good overview of the business, the disadvantage is high production costs due to limited production and financial resources.
Large enterprises have lower costs due to mass production, but they lose the efficiency of management, the interest of employees in the final results of their activities.
Commercial enterprises according to Russian legislation can be created in the form of economic partnerships and companies, in the form of unitary enterprises and production cooperatives.
Business partnerships and companies are commercial organizations with authorized (reserve) capital divided into shares (contributions) of founders (participants). The property created at the expense of the contributions of the founders, as well as acquired and produced in the course of the activity of the partnership or company, belongs to it by the right of ownership.
Business partnerships and companies have many features in common, but their main difference is that a partnership is an association of persons, and a society is an association of capital.
Business partnerships - can be created in the form of a general partnership and limited partnership.
The main document defining the principles of activity of a business partnership is the memorandum of association .
A contribution to the property of a business partnership may be money, securities, other things or property rights, or other rights having a monetary value.
Members of a business partnership have the right to participate in managing the affairs of the partnership, to take part in the activities of the partnership. The profit received is divided between the co-owners in proportion to the shares in the share capital. In the event of liquidation of the partnership, its participants receive part of the property remaining after settlements with creditors.
Participants in general partnerships and general partners in limited partnerships may be individual entrepreneurs and (or) commercial organizations.
In a general partnership, all participants are equal in their rights and obligations in the affairs of the company they have created. If they fail, they risk their own property. General partners jointly and severally bear subsidiary liability. Joint and several liability means that everyone is responsible, regardless of who is sued. Subsidiary liability means that if the property of the partnership is not enough to pay off debts, the partners are liable with their personal property in proportion to the contributions.
A limited partnership (limited partnership) is a partnership in which, along with the participants who carry out entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for the obligations of the partnership with their property (general partners), there are one or more participants - contributors (limited partners), who bear the risk of losses, associated with the activities of the partnership, within the limits of the amounts of contributions made by them and do not take part in the implementation of entrepreneurial activities by the partnership.
Contributors are entitled to a share of the profits in proportion to their contribution.

Enterprises created in the form of partnerships have a number of advantages:
- the ability to accumulate significant funds in a relatively short time;
- each general partner has the right to engage in entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership on an equal basis with others;
- general partnerships are the most attractive for creditors, since their members bear unlimited liability for the obligations of the partnership;
- An additional advantage of a limited partnership is that they can attract funds from investors to increase their capital.

Disadvantages:
- there must be a trusting relationship between full partners;
- each member of the partnership bears full and joint and several unlimited liability for the obligations of this organization, i.e. in case of bankruptcy, each member (except for limited partners) is liable not only with a contribution, but also with personal property;
- partnership cannot be created by one participant.

Such an organizational and legal form as a general partnership is almost never found in the practice of Russian entrepreneurship. It is unpopular with entrepreneurs because it does not set limits on their liability for partnership debts. At the same time, the state does not provide any privileges for partnerships.
There are tax and credit benefits for partnerships abroad. They are widespread in the agricultural sector, the service sector (legal, audit, consulting, medical firms, etc.), trade, public catering.
Business companies may be created in the form of a joint-stock company, a limited liability company or an additional liability company.
A limited liability company (LLC) is a company established by one or more persons, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares of the sizes determined by the constituent documents; participants in a limited liability company are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, within the value of their contributions.
The supreme body of a limited liability company is the general meeting of its members. For the current management of the company's activities, an executive body is created, which may also be elected from among its members.
A limited liability company is a type of capital pooling that does not require the mandatory personal participation of its members in the affairs of the company.
Advantages of a limited liability company:
- the ability to accumulate significant funds in a relatively short time;
- can be created by one person;
- both legal entities and individuals, both commercial and non-commercial, can participate in the activity;
- members of the company bear limited liability for the obligations of the company.
Disadvantages:
- the authorized capital cannot be less than the value established by the legislation;
- the company is not very attractive to creditors, since its members have limited liability;
- the number of participants in an LLC should not exceed fifty.
An additional liability company (ALC) differs from a limited liability company in that its members are liable for the obligations of the company with their property in the amount of a multiple of the value of their contributions. In case of bankruptcy of one of the participants, its liability is distributed among the other participants. The difference from a general partnership is that the amount of liability is limited. Liability may, for example, be limited to three times the amount of the contribution.
All of the above organizational and economic forms are typical for small enterprises. Large-scale industries require a different form of attracting capital, which would ensure the stable functioning of society. In most countries of the world, such enterprises are created in the form of a joint-stock company.
A joint stock company (JSC) is a company whose authorized capital is divided into a certain number of shares; participants of a joint-stock company (shareholders) are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, to the extent of the value of their shares.
A joint-stock company can be of open and closed type.
A joint stock company whose members may alienate their shares without the consent of other shareholders is recognized as an open joint stock company (JSC).
A joint stock company whose shares are distributed only among its founders or other predetermined circle of persons is recognized as a closed joint stock company (CJSC).
The authorized capital of a joint-stock company is made up of the nominal value of the shares of the company acquired by the shareholders.
The shareholders cannot directly control the operations of the JSC. They elect a board of directors that manages the business activities of the JSC in order to generate profits for the benefit of the shareholders.
The supreme governing body is the general meeting of its shareholders.
Earnings per share is called a dividend.
AO Advantages:
- a guarantee against the fact that when its participants leave, the fixed capital of the company will be reduced;
- the ability to concentrate large capital;
- the possibility of a quick alienation of shares, which makes it possible to almost instantly transfer large capital from one area of ​​activity to another in accordance with the prevailing market conditions;
- limited liability of shareholders (within their shares) in case of bankruptcy of the company.
The disadvantages include the inability of all shareholders to take part in the management of a joint-stock company, since for real control one must have at least 20% of the shares. Huge capital is concentrated in the hands of individuals, which, in the absence of proper legislation and shareholder control, can lead to abuse and incompetence in its use.
Production cooperatives are a voluntary association of citizens for joint production or economic activities, based on the personal labor participation of members of the cooperative and the pooling of their property shares.
The main difference between a production cooperative and partnerships and societies is that it is based on a voluntary association of individuals - citizens who are not individual entrepreneurs, but participate in the activities of the cooperative by personal labor. Accordingly, each member of the cooperative has one vote in managing its affairs, regardless of the size of its property contribution. The profit received in the cooperative is distributed taking into account their labor participation of members of the cooperative. There must be at least five members of the cooperative.
The benefits of a cooperative:
- profit is distributed in proportion to the labor contribution, which creates the interest of the members of the cooperative in a conscientious attitude to work;
- the legislation does not limit the number of members of the cooperative, which provides great opportunities for individuals to join the cooperative;
- equal rights of all members, tk. each of them has only one vote.
The main disadvantages of the cooperative:
- the number of members of the cooperative must be at least five, which limits the possibility of their creation;
- each member has limited liability for the debts of the cooperative.
Only state and municipal enterprises can be created in the form of unitary enterprises.
A unitary enterprise has a number of features:
- the founder remains the owner of the property, i.e. state;
- the property of a unitary enterprise is indivisible; under no circumstances can it be distributed among deposits, shares, shares, including among employees of a unitary enterprise;
- the head of the enterprise is the sole head, who is appointed by the owner of the property.
Unitary enterprises are divided into two categories: unitary enterprises based on the right of economic management; unitary enterprises based on the right of operational management.
The right of economic management is the right of an enterprise to own, use and dispose of the property of the owner within the limits established by law or other legal acts.
The right of operational management is the right of an enterprise to own, use and dispose of the property of the owner assigned to it within the limits established by law, in accordance with the goals of its activities, the tasks of the owner and the purpose of the property. The right of economic management is wider than the right of operational management, that is, an enterprise operating on the basis of the right of economic management has greater independence in management.
Despite some restrictions on the disposal of property, a unitary enterprise has great rights in the field of production and economic activities.

1.3. Manufacturing enterprise.
A manufacturing enterprise is a separate specialized unit, the basis of which is a professionally organized labor collective, capable of using the means of production at its disposal to produce the products (perform work, provide services) of the appropriate purpose, profile and range that consumers need (perform work, provide services). Manufacturing enterprises include plants, factories, combines, mines, quarries, ports, roads, bases and other economic organizations for industrial purposes.
The internal environment of the enterprise is people, means of production, information and money. The result of the interaction of the components of the internal environment is the finished product (work, services)
The basis of the enterprise is made up of people who are characterized by a certain professional composition, qualifications, interests. These are managers, specialists, workers. The results of the enterprise work depend on their efforts and skills. Of course, people cannot breastfeed from scratch. They need the means of production : the main means by which products are manufactured, And working capital from which these products are created. To pay for the supply of necessary materials, equipment, energy resources, to pay wages to employees and make other payments, the company needs money , which are accumulated on his current account in the bank and partly in the cash desk of the enterprise. In the absence of a sufficient amount of own money, the company resorts to loans.
Information is important for the operation of the enterprise: commercial, technical and operational. Commercial Information answers the questions: what products and in what quantity it is necessary to produce; at what price and to whom to sell it; what costs will be required for its production. Technical information gives an exhaustive description of the product, describes the technology of its manufacture, establishes from which parts and materials each product must be produced, with the help of what machines, equipment, tools and techniques, in what sequence the work should be carried out. Based on operational information tasks are given to the staff, it is placed on workplaces, control, accounting and regulation of the production process, as well as adjustment of managerial and commercial operations. With the help of information, all components of an operating enterprise are connected into a single synchronously functioning complex aimed at producing a given type of product, of the appropriate quantity and quality.
Of course, there are no enterprises isolated from the outside world. The external environment that directly determines the efficiency and feasibility of the enterprise is, first of all, the consumers of products, suppliers of production components, as well as government agencies and the population living in the vicinity of the enterprise.
Population, in the interests and with the participation of which the enterprise is created, is the main factor of the external environment. The population is also the main consumer of products and the supplier of labor. Since the processing of raw materials into a product ready for consumption goes through many stages at individual specialized enterprises, most of them (especially in such industries as chemistry, metallurgy and engineering) are not only suppliers of their own products, but also the largest consumers of products of other enterprises.
For example, a steel plant is a supplier of metal for
other enterprises and the population and at the same time a consumer of coal and ore,
mined by mining enterprises, as well as by the consumer of engineering and instrumentation products, the construction industry, energy .
The external environment of the enterprise : government and local authorities; suppliers of production components; population; product consumers.
Among the suppliers enterprises should obviously include credit institutions - banks that supply financial resources, as well as scientific and design organizations that prepare the necessary scientific and technical information and project documentation for enterprises. All activities of manufacturing enterprises are based on the legal framework. The implementation and enforcement of laws rests with the government and local authorities . Thus, the enterprise occupies a central place in the national economic complex.
On a purely legal side, according to the legislation of the Russian Federation, an enterprise is an independent economic entity created in the manner prescribed by law to produce products and provide services in order to meet public needs and make a profit. The most important tasks of the operating enterprise include:

- receipt of income by the owner of the enterprise (among the owners may be the state, shareholders, private individuals);

- providing consumers with the company's products in accordance with contracts and market demand;

- ensuring the payment of wages to the personnel of the enterprise, normal working conditions and opportunities for professional growth of employees;

- creation of jobs for the population living in the vicinity of the enterprise;

- environmental protection (land, air and water basins);

- prevention of disruptions in the work of the enterprise (including disruptions in deliveries and the release of low-quality defective products, a sharp reduction in production and income of the enterprise).

The tasks of the enterprise are determined by:

- the interests of the owner,

- the amount of capital,

- the situation within the enterprise,

- external environment.

The right to set a task for the personnel of the enterprise remains with its owner, regardless of his status - a private person, a state body or a shareholder. The owner, based on his own interests, goals, chosen priorities, not only has the right, but is forced to formulate and set tasks for the enterprise team. Otherwise, someone else will do it instead of him in their own interests. The most important task of the enterprise in all cases is to generate income through the sale of manufactured products to consumers. (work performed, services rendered). Based on the income received, the social and economic needs of the labor collective and the owners of the means of production are satisfied.
The body that formulates and specifies any economic task is obliged to take into account the real conditions for its implementation. It can be:

- expediency of this task from the point of view of the interests and profile of the enterprise;

- availability of sufficient financial and material resources, as well as qualified personnel;

- the absence of prohibitions and restrictions on production activities.

Regardless of the form of ownership, size and sectoral affiliation, the enterprise operates, as a rule, on the basis of commercial calculation, self-sufficiency and self-financing. The enterprise independently concludes contracts with consumers of products (including receiving state orders), concludes contracts and makes settlements with suppliers of the necessary production resources, hires labor, manages its own finances, and conducts cash settlements.
Back to main functions manufacturing company include:

- production of products for industrial and personal
consumption in accordance with the profile of the enterprise;

- sale and delivery of products to the consumer;

- after-sales service of production;

- material and technical support of the production process at the enterprise;

- management and organization of work of personnel at the enterprise;

- improving the quality of products, reducing unit costs and increasing the volume of production at the enterprise;

- entrepreneurship;

- paying taxes, making mandatory and voluntary contributions and making payments to the budget and other financial authorities;

- Compliance with applicable standards, regulations, state laws.

The functions of the enterprise are specified and specified depending on:

- on the size of the enterprise;

- from industry affiliation;

- on the degree of specialization and cooperation;

- availability of social infrastructure;

- from the form of ownership;

- Relations with local authorities.

The economic and social tasks from which the functions of enterprises follow are determined by many factors and are not the same for different enterprises. It is one thing - a small enterprise, for example, for the individual tailoring of women's dresses, with the number of employees 14-20 people; quite another - a large metallurgical plant, which employs tens of thousands of workers. In the first case, the enterprise is associated with its small team and a limited number of customers. In the second - the whole city or its large area, as well as a huge number of consumers, whose performance is greatly influenced by the price. , quality and rhythm of product deliveries.
The company is fully responsible to the financial authorities for the timely transfer of taxes and other payments , covers from its own income all losses and losses. At the expense of proceeds from the sale of products (services), it pays for the costs of organizing and developing production, as well as for the purchase of raw materials, materials, and payment for labor.
The administration and personnel of the enterprise are obliged to constantly ensure that the products they produce are of sufficient quality and not too expensive. Both are necessary for the conquest and retention of the sales market. Low-quality products, as well as products that are too expensive, force the consumer to look for a supplier from whom they can purchase the same products with better quality indicators or at a lower price. In order not to lose customers, the company's specialists study the product sales markets, take measures to accelerate scientific and technological progress, improve product quality, and reduce its cost. In fact, the situation at industrial enterprises, in their labor collectives, determines the state and pace of development of the country's economy, testifies to the degree of effectiveness of the government's economic policy.

1.4. Entrepreneurial rights and obligations of the enterprise.
State laws in force in the field of economics, mainly determine only the competence of the state and the boundaries of its intervention in the work of the enterprise. Private, cooperative, joint-stock and other enterprises are not exempt from state control, which is carried out:
- for the income of the enterprise and the payment of taxes; sanitary condition of production;
- purpose and technical level of products;
- compliance with standards and technical conditions of production;
- legal protection of hired personnel and some other aspects of the activities of enterprises.
Economic and legal control, and very strict, is carried out in all countries of the world. The legislation provides that the enterprise bears full responsibility for all types of its activities, including:

- for the observance of the interests of the state and the rights of citizens;

- observance of laws and preservation of the environment;

- increase of property entrusted to him by the state or shareholders;

- Increasing the efficiency of production.

It is envisaged that the activities of the enterprise should not violate the normal working conditions of other enterprises and organizations, worsen the living conditions of citizens in the adjacent territory. At the same time, the state or another higher authority, as a rule, is not liable for the obligations of the enterprise. In this case, the enterprise is not liable for the obligations of the state and other bodies.
The administration of the enterprise is obliged to create normal working conditions for the personnel. Decisions on socio-economic issues should be made with the participation of the labor collective. An employment agreement is concluded between the administration and the labor collective, which fixes mutual obligations:
on sanitary condition and work safety;
operating conditions of the enterprise and its divisions, including shift work and duration of shifts;
duration and amount of vacation pay,
conditions and forms of remuneration by categories of workers, etc.
Local authorities and commercial organizations have no right to interfere in the implementation of the internal economic and administrative functions of the enterprise. They can act only as bodies of control over the legality of the economic activity of the enterprise, make their proposals and demand the implementation of the current legislation by the management of the enterprise.

Section 2. Enterprise as an economic entity.
2.1. Legislative bases of the enterprise.
According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, an enterprise is a legal entity. A legal entity is an organization that owns, manages or manages separate property and is liable for its obligations with this property, can acquire and exercise property and personal non-property rights on its own behalf, bear obligations, be a plaintiff and defendant in court. Legal entities must have an independent balance sheet or estimate. In connection with participation in the formation of the property of a legal entity, its founders (participants) may have rights of obligation in relation to this legal entity or real rights to its property. Legal entities in respect of which their participants have rights of obligation include business partnerships and companies, production and consumer cooperatives.
Legal entities, on whose property their founders have the right of ownership or other real right, include state and municipal unitary enterprises, as well as institutions financed by the owner. Legal entities in respect of which their founders (participants) do not have property rights include public and religious organizations (associations), charitable and other foundations, associations of legal entities (associations and unions).
A legal entity may have civil rights corresponding to the objectives of the activity provided for in its constituent documents, and bear obligations related to this activity. Commercial organizations, with the exception of unitary enterprises and other types of organizations provided for by law, may have civil rights and bear civil obligations necessary to carry out any type of activity not prohibited by law. A legal entity may engage in certain types of activities, the list of which is determined by law, only on the basis of a special permit (license). A legal entity may be restricted in its rights only in cases and in the manner prescribed by law. The decision to restrict rights may be appealed by a legal entity to the court. The legal capacity of a legal entity arises at the moment of its creation and terminates at the moment of making an entry on its exclusion from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities. The right of a legal entity to carry out activities for which a license is required arises from the moment such a license is received or within the period specified in it and terminates upon the expiration of its validity period, unless otherwise provided by law or other legal acts.

2.2. The procedure for the formation and liquidation of an enterprise
The creation of a new enterprise begins with the adoption of an appropriate decision. The decision to establish an enterprise is made by the owner of the capital. If the capital of one person is insufficient, a search for business partners is carried out. From the moment the decision to establish an enterprise is made, it becomes necessary to fulfill a number of conditions determined by law.
The first step is the meeting of the founders, which determines the circle of legal entities and individuals that make up their composition.
The meeting of founders approves the charter of the enterprise, which indicates the name, legal address of the enterprise, determines the organizational and legal form, the main objectives of the activity, indicates the amount of the authorized capital, the rights and obligations of the founders, the structure of the company and the procedure for managing its activities, the procedure for liquidation.
Registration of an enterprise is carried out by the district or city administration at the place of establishment of the enterprise within a month. To register an enterprise, it is necessary to submit an application from the founder, the charter of the enterprise, a decision to establish an enterprise or an agreement of founders, a certificate of payment of the state fee. The registered enterprise is included in the unified state register of legal entities. The company receives a temporary certificate of registration.
A newly created enterprise must go through the stage of registration of statistics codes in the State Committee on Statistics. In the registration certificate of a commercial enterprise, in accordance with the current classifiers, the following codes are indicated:

- OKPO (All-Russian classifier of enterprises and organizations);

- KOPF (Classifier of organizational and legal forms of economic entities);

- KFS (Classifier of Forms of Ownership);

- OKOGU (All-Russian classifier of authorities and public administration);

- OKATO (All-Russian classifier of objects of administrative-territorial division);

- OKONH (All-Russian classifier of sectors of the national economy);

- OKDP (All-Russian classifier of economic activities, products and services);
- OKP (All-Russian classifier of products).
The enterprise must also be registered with the state tax service, open a bank account. In cases established by law, licenses are issued for the right to carry out certain types of activities (Fig. 2).

The created enterprise can operate for an unlimited time, except for those cases when the enterprise is created to achieve a specific goal and is liquidated after it is achieved within the period specified in the charter.
In all other cases, the termination of activities occurs by the voluntary consent of its owners, or by decision of the judiciary.
A notice is published in the press about the liquidation of the enterprise. Creditors are given time to file claims.
During liquidation, a certain procedure is observed. First of all, all claims of the personnel for wages are satisfied, then the obligations of the enterprise to the tax authorities, property and monetary claims of creditors.
A special case of liquidation is bankruptcy. An enterprise is recognized as bankrupt if it is unable to satisfy the property and monetary claims of creditors. The liquidation of the enterprise is carried out by the decision of the arbitration court.
The liquidation of a legal entity is considered completed, and the legal entity ceases to exist after an entry about this is made in the unified state register of legal entities.
The liquidation of a legal entity entails its termination without the transfer of rights and obligations by way of succession to other persons.
A legal entity may be liquidated:
- by decision of its founders (participants) or a body of a legal entity authorized to do so by the constituent documents, including in connection with the expiration of the period for which the legal entity was created, with the achievement of the purpose for which it was created;
- by a court decision in the event of gross violations of the law committed during its creation, if these violations are irreparable, or the implementation of activities without a proper permit (license), or prohibited by law, or in violation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, or with other repeated or gross violations of the law or other legal acts, or when a non-profit organization, including a public or religious organization (association), charitable or other foundation, systematically carries out activities that contradict its statutory goals, as well as in other cases provided for by this Code.
By a court decision on the liquidation of a legal entity, its founders (participants) or the body authorized to liquidate the legal entity by its constituent documents may be assigned the obligation to liquidate the legal entity. A legal entity, with the exception of a state-owned enterprise, institution, political party and religious organization, is also liquidated in accordance with Article 65 of this Code as a result of its recognition as insolvent (bankrupt). If the value of the property of such a legal entity is insufficient to satisfy the claims of creditors, it may be liquidated only in the manner prescribed by Article 65 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
A legal entity, with the exception of a state-owned enterprise, institution, political party and religious organization, may be declared insolvent (bankrupt) by a court decision. The recognition of a legal entity as bankrupt by a court entails its liquidation. The grounds for declaring a legal entity insolvent (bankrupt) by a court, the procedure for liquidating such a legal entity, as well as the order in which creditors' claims are satisfied, shall be established by the law on insolvency (bankruptcy).

2.3. The life cycle of an enterprise and its efficiency
To improve the efficiency of an enterprise, continuous organizational improvement of its managed and control systems is necessary. Any enterprise goes through certain stages of the life cycle, which differ from each other not only in duration, but also in certain goals and results. The transition from one stage to another can be determined with a sufficient degree of certainty, that is, it is predictable. It should also be taken into account that the enterprise is affected by various factors of both the internal and external environment, including the general state of the economy and the industry.
As numerous examples and studies show, there is a relationship between the life cycle of an organization and its development strategy.
A general description of the purpose of the organization in a generalized form includes:
- offered products or services; place and role in the system of market relations; organization goals (survival, growth, profitability);
- technology, processes, innovations; philosophy (basic views and values);
- internal concept and sources of power; degree of competitiveness;
- survival factors; external image, image;
- responsibility to partners, consumers, society as a whole.
Every business has a specific life cycle. This is a set of stages through which the organization passes during the period of its functioning: birth, childhood, youth, maturity, aging, rebirth. At the same time, each enterprise is unique in itself, has a particular purpose, and it should be considered as a separate object of research and development of development directions according to the stages of its life cycle.
The birth of any organization is associated with the need to satisfy the interests of consumers, with the search for and occupation of a free market niche. The main goal of the organization at this stage is survival. It requires leadership qualities such as faith in success, willingness to take risks, efficiency. Characteristic of the birth stage is a small number of partners. Particular importance at this stage should be given to everything new and unusual.
"Childhood". The stage is associated with risks, since it is during this period that the growth of the organization is disproportionate compared to the change in managerial potential. At this stage, most newly formed firms fail due to the inexperience and incompetence of managers. The main task during this period is to strengthen its position in the market, competitiveness. The main goal of the organization at this stage is short-term success and rapid growth.
"Youth". This is a period of transition from complex management, carried out by a small team of like-minded people, to differentiated management using simple forms of financing, planning and forecasting. The main goal of the organization during this period is to ensure accelerated growth and, as a rule, the complete capture of its part of the market. Intuitive assessment of risk by the management of the organization is no longer sufficient. It needs specialists with highly specialized knowledge.
"Maturity". The development of the organization is carried out in the interests of balanced growth based on a stable structure and clear management. The manager is satisfied with the logic and harmony of the management system. This reduces his interest in adapting the organization to changes in the external environment, as well as in renewal and decentralization. Experienced administrators come to the leadership, while talented specialists are replaced by more “obedient” ones. This stage is associated with penetration into new areas of activity, expansion and differentiation, but it is during this period that bureaucracy in management is actively emerging.
etc.................

ESSAY

oncourse "Fundamentals of Economics"

on the topic: "Enterprise in a market economy"

1. The enterprise as the primary link in the economy

In a market economy system, the enterprise acts as its main link.

An enterprise is a separate economic entity that uses material and information resources to produce products that are in demand, perform work and provide services. It independently carries out its activities, manages its products and profits, which remain after paying taxes and other obligatory payments. That is, the enterprise is an independent commodity producer.

Manufacturing enterprises include plants, factories, mines, combines, and other economic organizations for industrial purposes.

Enterprises specializing in the production of homogeneous products form the corresponding branches of material production: industry, agriculture, transport, construction, etc. They form the structure of industries, determine their profile and scale. In addition, enterprises and organizations form the territorial specialization of the cities and regions in which they are located. Thus, enterprises and their teams are the main elements from which simultaneous branch and territorial complexes are formed. Therefore, enterprises act as the main links of the national economic complex.

The characteristic of the enterprise involves the definition of its main features. These features are:

production and technical unity, which implies a commonality of production processes, capital, technology;

organizational unity, embodied in the presence of a single leadership, plan, accounting;

economic unity, expressed in the community of material, financial, technical resources, as well as economic results of work.

The essential features are a single territory, an auxiliary economy, etc. Regardless of the form of ownership, an enterprise operates on a commercial basis, that is, it carries out transactions, operations, makes a profit or incurs losses. At the expense of profit, it ensures a stable financial position, implements the socio-economic interests of the workforce.

On fig. 3 shows a schematic diagram of the market model of the enterprise. The implementation of a business involves three main stages: the purchase of factors of production (F) for a certain amount of money (Mf); transformation of resources, production of products; selling goods (Ci) and receiving money in return (Mg); the basic condition is Mg > Mf.

Despite independence, it should be emphasized that the enterprise is not exempt from state control over its activities, which can be carried out, for example, over the payment of taxes, limiting monopoly tendencies, compliance with technical standards and technical conditions of production, etc.

Market relations require not only the production of products, but also its marketing and implementation. At the same time, independence as a payment causes the possibility of insolvency and bankruptcy. Thus, the behavior of the enterprise in market conditions is significantly modified.

Enterprises can be classified according to various parameters:

industry affiliation;

production structure;

production potential capacity (enterprise size). The most important characteristic of an enterprise is the sectoral difference in its products, including its purpose, methods of production and consumption. Depending on this, enterprises are divided into:

a) industrial enterprises for the production of machinery, equipment, tools, the extraction of raw materials, the production of materials, the generation of electricity and other means of production;

b) agricultural enterprises for growing grain, vegetables, industrial crops, etc.;

c) enterprises of the construction industry, transport.

Large branches of the national economy consist of smaller, specialized ones. For example, industry is divided into two large specialized industries: mining and processing. In turn, the processing industry is subdivided into light, food, heavy industries, etc.

In practice, it is not always possible to clearly define the industry affiliation of an enterprise, since most of them have an intersectoral structure. Therefore, according to the structure of the enterprise, they are divided into highly specialized, diversified and combined.

Highly specialized - enterprises that manufacture a limited range of products of mass or large-scale production (production of cast iron, steel, rolled products, grain, meat, etc.).

Diversified enterprises produce a wide range of products for various purposes. In industry, they can simultaneously specialize in the manufacture of ships, cars, computers, transportation of goods, etc. In agriculture, the cultivation of grain, vegetables, fruits, feed, livestock, etc.

Combined enterprises convert one type of raw material or finished product in parallel or sequentially into another type, then into a third, etc.

By quantitative parameters, enterprises are divided into small, medium, large. The following indicators are used for this:

number of employees;

cost (volume) of manufactured products;

cost (volume) of production assets.

2. Enterprise and economic reform

Market reform means that all enterprises are immersed in the market environment, subject to the requirements of commodity-money relations. Market relations themselves are regulated by the state through a system of taxes, credit, and public investment. At the same time, the economy retains a fairly developed public sector and has a number of varieties of non-state forms of ownership.

The public sector is subject to certain methods of administrative management, but is also included in a single market system, depending on its state and features of functioning.

The transition of enterprises of all forms of ownership and organizational and legal forms to normal market relations required the solution of a number of complex interrelated problems in the shortest possible time.

First of all, a legal basis for the functioning of a market economy was created, a number of fundamental laws, presidential decrees, and government decrees were adopted. There are laws on property, enterprise and entrepreneurial activity, privatization of state and municipal enterprises, bankruptcy of insolvent enterprises, employment service and others. Market relations are impossible without the formation of market entities - independent, independent, economically responsible producers.

The work of the enterprise in a market economy requires the improvement of the financial resources of the enterprise. This can be achieved through the efficient use of working capital on the basis of a mode of saving all resources, getting rid of excess and redundant fixed and working capital, and eliminating overdue debts to banks and suppliers.

The financial recovery of enterprises requires reducing the overstocking of warehouses of finished products, which leads to the diversion of financial resources from turnover. The overstocking of warehouses is the result of a break in economic ties, a fall in contractual discipline, the use by suppliers of inflated prices for resources, and, consequently, an increase in prices for finished products that no longer find markets.

The pricing system began to be based on market conditions, that is, on the demand and supply of goods, products, services.

Market relations demanded radical changes in the social policy of the state. The main goal of this policy is the removal of any restrictions on the way of such activities, which enables each team of the enterprise to receive income to the extent of a real contribution to meeting the needs of the population. At the same time, social protection is being carried out for those who are not able to protect themselves - pensioners, the disabled, students, employees of budgetary organizations.

The most important problem was the employment of the population in connection with the decline in production, the bankruptcy of unprofitable industries. A regional state employment service has been created, which promptly redistributes the workforce among sectors of the national economy, organizes retraining of personnel, and has information on the availability of jobs, the demand for certain professions.

An effective restructuring of the economic mechanism is impossible without large-scale structural reforms.

In the Russian economy, a situation has arisen that leads to the loss of scientific, technical, human resources, and the national wealth created by the labor of previous generations is sharply reduced. Public education, public health, and national culture are in a particularly difficult situation. The standard of living of the population has declined, and a third of the population has fallen below the poverty line.

The difficult economic situation is to some extent smoothed out due to the ever-increasing sale abroad of energy carriers, non-ferrous metals, and many other material resources, that is, the country's momentary needs are met at the expense of natural resources, which also belong to the next generations.

There are still few prerequisites for an economic recovery in the form of a revival of investment activity, the renewal of technologies and the production apparatus. Instead of the formula "production for the sake of production" in the command-and-control system, we now have an equally harmful formula - "market for the sake of the market."