FROM PETER THE FIRST... The Russian flag owes its birth to the domestic fleet. Flag of one or another The Russian flag owes its birth to the Russian fleet. The flag of a particular country showed that this ship of the country showed that this ship belongs to it, is its own, belongs to it, is its territory. In 1690 white-blue-red territory. In 1690 the white-blue-red flag became a symbol of the Russian state, the flag became a symbol of the Russian state, and above all - at sea. and above all - at sea. This is exactly the flag that Peter I used. This is the flag that Peter I used.
FLAG AS A SYMBOL OF THE RUSSIAN STATE FLAG AS A SYMBOL OF THE RUSSIAN STATE The flag is constantly raised on the buildings of the authorities of our country. The flag is constantly raised on the buildings of the authorities of our country. It flutters on the masts of Russian ships, and is applied to Russian aircraft and spacecraft. It flutters on the masts of Russian ships, and is applied to Russian aircraft and spacecraft. The flag indicates belonging to Russia. The flag indicates belonging to Russia. The flag is raised during official ceremonies and is flown in military units. The flag is raised during official ceremonies and is flown in military units. On days of national mourning, the flag is lowered or a black ribbon is attached. On days of national mourning, the flag is lowered or a black ribbon is attached.
Plan.
I. Modern, official, state flags of Russia.
A) the state flag of Russia
B) standard of the President of the Russian Federation
B) Victory Banner
II. History of Russian state flags
B) standard
III. History of the Russian flag
A) the birth of the Russian flag
B) St. Andrew's flag
B) state flags of the Russian Empire
D) Soviet era flags
D) Victory Banner
IV. Modern state flag of Russia
A) revival of the tricolor of Peter I
B) laws and decrees on the state flag, the Victory Banner
C) the meaning of the flag as a symbol of the state
Equipment:
Computer presentation
Decrees and laws on the state flag of Russia, decree on the Victory Banner
Illustrations
Target:
To promote the formation, formation of spiritual, moral and patriotic qualities of the individual.
Tasks:
To foster a sense of patriotism and civic responsibility, respect for the symbols of Russian statehood. To provide students with more complete information about the history of the appearance of the state flag of Russia, about the history of standards and banners in Russia. Increase motivation for learning activities through the use of non-traditional forms of presenting material, ICT tools, elements of gaming activities Find, systematize and analyze information. Learn to analyze historical sources and draw conclusions. Learn to convey information to listeners and defend your point of view with arguments. Develop students' creative abilities.
Move.
Teacher:
Today we are holding a press conference on the topic “The Russian flag is a symbol of state power.”
Our guests:
Researcher at the Institute of Statistics and Public Opinion.
Candidates of historical sciences dealing with issues of flag and banner studies.
Doctor of Historical Sciences, specialist in vexillology, studies the Soviet period in the history of our state.
Political scientist.
Our conference is attended by high school and university students. During the conference, you can ask participants questions, take part in discussions, and answer questions.
So, let's start our conference and give the floor to a statistician
Teacher:
We summarize the results of the survey about symbols.
Each state has its own distinctive signs - state symbols, which include the coat of arms, flag, and anthem. It is the duty of every citizen to know and understand their meaning. We were destined to be born in Russia, and we must respect its symbols and history, we must feel proud of our people. This is difficult to teach, it must be understood and felt. And I would really like you to understand that the flag, coat of arms, and anthem are symbols of the historical continuity of the basic values of the state.
The famous Russian thinker V. Belinsky wrote: “The ancient emblem or color of the nation, like the coat of arms of an ancient family, must always and invariably be kept intact. Otherwise, the emblem itself loses its symbolic and historical meaning, does not gain popularity among the people and becomes nothing more than an official, government stamp.” I would really like this not to happen to our flag. And this depends largely on you.
Survey questions:
Question
Answers:
1.Name the symbols of Russian state power.
2. Name the colors of the national flag of Russia and the order in which they are located on the flag.
3. What do the colors of the Russian national flag symbolize?
4. Name the first line of the Russian national anthem.
Flag is the state symbol of Russia
Goals:
- To instill in children a respectful attitude towards the state symbols of Russia, the Constitution - the fundamental law of the country.
- Expand students' understanding of their native country.
- Introduce children to the new concepts of “standard”, “banner”, “vexillology”.
- Develop students' cognitive activity.
Progress of the event.
(Slide 1) State symbols have their own history. They have come a long way in their development, they had a deep meaning, their creators were motivated by wonderful and kind ideas
(Slide 2) At the sound of the anthem, the heart begins to beat excitedly. Sports fans resolutely paint their faces in “state” colors. Competition winners are often brought to tears when the flag of their home country flies up.
(Slide 3 ) All these manifestations of pride and love for one’s homeland are expressed through respect for its symbols. Without their reverence, without knowledge of their history, without understanding the meaning inherent in them, the social and personal development of a young citizen of Russia is impossible.
Today we will talk about one of the symbols of Russia - the flag.
(Slide 4) During the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, sailors and travelers planted the flags of their states on new lands. Thus denoting the possessions of their countries.
(Slide 5) When the Norwegian explorer R. Amundsen was the first to reach the South Pole in 1911, he planted the Norwegian flag there as a symbol that the honor of discovering the South Pole belonged to the Norwegians.
(Slide 6) When in 1969, for the first time in human history, American astronauts set foot on the surface of the Moon, the Americans planted the US flag there.
(Slide 7) The word "flag" is of Dutch origin and means "ship's ensign". Indeed, there is much in common between the flag and the banner: both are panels with various emblems and inscriptions, attached to a pole or cord.
There are different flags. The world of flags is large and diverse.
(Slide 8) The word “banner” comes from the word “sign, sign, omen.” A banner is a sign of who it belongs to, its symbol.
In medieval Russia, military units and military regalia were also called banners. Russian banners owe their origin to military affairs.
The banner is a symbol of unification. The troops lined up around battle flags. The banner signified the commander's headquarters (tent) and the center of the battle formation. The number of banners was used to determine the number of troops.
(Slide 9) Raising the banner meant readiness for battle, lowering it meant admitting defeat. Therefore, in the battle, the warriors tried to break through to the enemy banner in order to cut it down and capture it. The loss of the banner brought great shame to the entire military unit. Capturing the enemy's banner in battle was considered a special distinction.
(Slide 10 ) Not only military units can have banners; there are also banners of organizations. There are differences between banners and flags. Flags are usually made from lighter material. They have simpler images. The banners may have different emblems and inscriptions, often complex compositions. Unlike flags, banners are not hung for long periods of time. They are kept rolled up and used on specific occasions.
(Slide 11) The banners are carried by certain people - standard bearers. They also guard the banner in battle. The banner is considered a symbol of a military unit or organization (in our case, a cadet school).
The banner consists of several parts, the main thing being the panel. Usually the panels are rectangular, but they can have other shapes. The cloth is attached to the shaft, which is crowned with a pommel. The pommel is made in the form of some kind of emblem. Ribbons, cords with tassels can also be attached to it. Emblems and inscriptions are usually drawn or hung on the banner and placed on both sides. In this case, the front side is considered to be turned to the right of the shaft in relation to the viewer.
(Slide 12) Standards are a type of banner. Once upon a time, regimental banners in the cavalry were called standards; today, a standard is the flag of the head of state and his leaders, accompanying them during a solemn ceremony. The standard has a smaller panel size than ordinary banners and flags. As a rule, the panel of the standard is square in shape.
Banners also include banners. A banner is a church banner. Essentially, this is an icon depicted on a canvas. Banners usually contain an image of Christ, the Mother of God, saints, a cross, as well as the texts of the Holy Scriptures and prayers. Banners are carried out during religious processions and other church rituals. In the old days, battle banners were also called banners.
There is a historical science “vexillology” (from the Roman “vexillum” - banner), which studies banners.
Each country, as everyone knows, has its own flag.
The Constitution adopted in 1993 determined that the description and procedure for the official use of the state flag are established by federal constitutional law. This law was adopted by the State Duma on December 8, 2000, signed by President V.V. Putin on December 25, and officially published on December 27, 2000. Its description is as follows: The state flag of the Russian Federation is a panel of three equal horizontal stripes: the top is white, the middle is blue and the bottom is red. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is 2:3.
(Slide 13) The national flag of the Russian Federation is constantly raised on the buildings of the authorities of our country. It is hung on public holidays and special ceremonies.
It rises on the buildings of Russian diplomatic missions abroad.
(Slide 14) It flies as a stern flag on the masts of Russian ships.
(Slide 15 ) Three-color images of the flag are applied to the aircraft of the Russian Federation and to its spacecraft. The flag testifies to belonging to Russia, denotes its territory, confirms the state functions of those bodies over whose buildings it flies.
(Slide 16) The national flag is also raised during official ceremonies and special events. Every day it soars at the place where Russian military units are permanently stationed.
(Slide 17) On days of national mourning, the flag is lowered or a black ribbon is attached to the top of the flagpole. This testifies to the grief of the entire state, the entire people.
The flag is our shrine, and we must treat it with respect and reverence.
The Russian flag owes its birth to the Russian fleet. In 1667-1669, the first Russian flotilla was built in the village of Dedinovo on the Oka River. We had to choose a flag for the ship. The captain of the ship “Eagle” D. Butler asked the government what flags his flotilla should fly: “On ships of which state the ship is, there is a banner of that state.”
Indeed, the flag of a particular country showed that this ship belongs to it and is its territory. By that time, the leading maritime powers already had their own flags. It is from maritime flags that many state flags originate. In April 1668, Russian ships were ordered to issue a large amount of white, blue and red material, but we do not know exactly how these colors were located on the first Russian flags. Some researchers believe that the flag consisted of four parts.
(Slide 19) The Russian tricolor probably arose from the Dutch model(Slide 30) . It is likely that Alexei Mikhailovich, and then Peter I, took as a basis the combination of colors of the Dutch flag (orange, white and blue)
The arrangement of stripes on the Russian flag was different and reflected Russian traditions. Red, the color of blood, seemed to denote the earthly world, blue – the celestial sphere, white – divine light. All three colors have long been revered in Rus'.
(Slide 20) The color red was considered a symbol of courage and courage, as well as a synonym for beauty. The blue color was a symbol of the Mother of God. White color personified peace, purity, nobility.
(Slide 21) In 1705, the “Book of Flags” by the Dutchman K. Alyard was published in Amsterdam. By order of Peter I, this book was translated into Russian. It shows and describes the flags and pennants of many countries. It is interesting that this publication includes a description of the flags of “His Tsarist Majesty of Moscow.” The first flag, as Alard writes, “is divided into three, the top stripe is white, the middle stripe is blue, the bottom stripe is red. On a blue gold stripe with a royal karuna is crowned a double-headed eagle, which has a red mark in its heart with a silver Saint George without the Serpent.” The second banner also has stripes - white, blue, red, and these stripes are “cut through” with a blue St. Andrew’s cross. Apostle Andrew was considered the patron saint of Russia and navigation.
(Slide 22) St. Andrew's flag appeared in the era of Peter I around 1707. This is a flag - a blue oblique cross on a white field. St. Andrew's flag became the flag of the navy of the Russian Empire. Thus, the military fleet sailed under the St. Andrew's flag, and the civil and commercial fleet flew under the white-blue-red one.
So, guys, today you got acquainted with the symbols of Russian state power, with a part of Russian history.
That is why the attitude towards the coat of arms, flag and anthem is also the attitude towards the state itself. And it should be respectful not only to its Fatherland. Insulting state symbols is akin to insulting both the state and its people, its history and culture.
On December 1 (11), 1699, Tsar Peter I Alekseevich established the St. Andrew's flag as the official flag of the Russian naval. The main ship banner of the Russian Navy is a white, rectangular panel, crossed diagonally from corner to corner by two blue stripes that form an oblique cross. The tsar explained his choice by the fact that it was from Apostle Andrew the First-Called that Rus' first received holy baptism, and he became its heavenly patron, and thus Peter wanted to perpetuate the name of the saint.
The symbolism of St. Andrew's flag has deep roots. One of the disciples of Jesus Christ was Andrew - the brother of the Apostle Peter (Cephas, former Simon), the patron saint of Tsar Peter I. According to the Gospel, both brothers fished on Lake Galilee, that is, they were directly related to the sea. Andrew was the first to be called by Jesus Christ as a disciple and therefore was called the First Called. According to some sources, Andrei was sent for missionary work to Scythia (Northern Black Sea region). A number of Russian sources report on the apostle’s journey from Crimea to Rome via Ladoga. It is said that Andrei, having made a stop on the hills near the Dnieper, where Kyiv would be founded, told his disciples that the grace of God would shine here and a great city would be founded. He climbed the hills, blessed them and planted the cross. Then he visited the northern lands of Rus', marveling at the custom of the Slavs, who, while washing in the baths, beat themselves with “young twigs” and doused themselves with kvass and ice water. Some sources report on the further journey of the Apostle Andrew to the north, where he erected a cross near the present village of Gruzino on the banks of the Volkhov, to Lake Ladoga and visiting the island of Valaam. At the same time, it should be noted that many authors, including Orthodox church historians, question the existence of this journey.
One thing is certain, the Apostle Andrew became famous as a tireless traveler and preacher of Christianity. The missionary's activities were closely connected with the sea. The “Golden Legend” (a collection of Christian legends and lives of saints, written in the 13th century) reports the salvation and even resurrection of 40 travelers who were heading by sea to the apostle, but were destroyed by a storm (another version reports the calming of the sea with prayer). This can explain the veneration of St. Andrew the First-Called as the patron saint of sailors. His life ended with martyrdom - crucifixion on an oblique cross (which received the name of the apostle).
The veneration of the Apostle Andrew in the Russian state and the special attitude of Tsar Peter Alekseevich towards him was expressed in the fact that in 1698 the first Russian order was established - the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called. The main part of the order was the image of the Apostle Andrew, crucified on an oblique cross. Until 1917, the Order of St. Andrew on a blue ribbon remained the main and most revered award in the Russian Empire (since 1998, the highest award of the Russian Federation). It should also be noted that the symbolism of the St. Andrew’s flag came from Peter’s father, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who established a special flag for the ship “Eagle” built under him - a white-blue-red panel with a double-headed scarlet eagle.
Having become tsar, Pyotr Alekseevich paid great attention to the development of designs for the flag of the Russian fleet. So, in 1692, two sketches were created. One - with three horizontal stripes and the signature: “white”, “blue”, and “red”. The second drawing shows the same colors with a St. Andrew’s cross “superimposed” on them. In 1693 and 1695, the flag of the second project was listed in a number of European atlases as the “flag of Muscovy.” It must be said that in search of the final version of the Russian naval flag, the tsar went through about 30 projects over two decades. In August 1693, Tsar Peter raised the St. Peter" flag of three horizontal stripes (white, blue and red) with a golden eagle in the center. From this moment on, one can trace the development of the naval flag of the Russian state. Unfortunately, there is no information about the banners under which the boats of Russian soldiers sailed in the first millennium AD, or the ships of Novgorod merchants and ushkuiniks. Although it can be assumed that Russian battle banners have been red since ancient times.
In 1696, during the second siege of the Turkish fortress of Azov, Russian ships carried at the stern a flag with a blue straight cross and quarters of white and red colors. However, the very next year, Tsar Peter established a new navy flag of three horizontal stripes - white, blue and red, essentially returning to the 1693 version. Under this flag, the ship “Fortress” went to Constantinople in 1699 with the first official diplomatic mission of the Russian navy. At the same time, the Russian sovereign, who had just returned from a trip to Western Europe, continued his search for a design of the Russian naval flag. In the fall of 1699, for the first time, the “St. Andrew’s” oblique blue cross appears on a white-blue-red cloth - the sign of the patron saint of Rus', Apostle Andrew the First-Called. It was also placed by the king in the white head of the tricolor pennant, known since 1697, which existed under the name “ordinary” until 1870.
In 1700, Tsar Peter examined engravings and drawings of the 58-gun ship Goto Predestination (God's Foresight). In the engravings of Adrian Schonebeck and in the watercolors of Bergman, the warship is depicted with six different flags! One of the views depicts a flag, in the panel of which nine horizontal stripes of white, blue and red colors are successively located; on the other there is a white-blue-red flag with three horizontal stripes (1697 version); on the third there is a flag of seven stripes, on a wide white central stripe of which there is a black St. Andrew's cross, above this stripe there are narrow white, blue and red stripes, and below it there are narrow blue, white and red stripes. However, the tsar believes that the flag of 1697 is outdated, and the nine-stripe panel is difficult to read and, moreover, is very similar to the Dutch flag of the rear admiral. The Tsar is satisfied with the flags in the drawings: white, blue and red with St. Andrew's blue cross in the upper quarter of the flag near the flagpole. This system was similar to that adopted in the English fleet. At the same time, flags of the galley fleet were established, which differed from ship flags by the presence of braids (the ends of the flag in the form of right triangles). In addition, white, blue and red pennants began to be raised on the masts of ships, with a blue St. Andrew's cross placed in the white head. Blue and red flags and pennants, which were sometimes canceled and reintroduced, generally existed until 1865. The white flag received a new design already in 1710 - the blue St. Andrew's cross was moved to the center of the flag and seemed to hang in it, without touching the ends of the flag. The St. Andrew's flag adopted its familiar image in 1712: a white flag with a blue St. Andrew's cross. In this form, this flag existed in the Russian Navy until November 1917.
Since 1720, a special flag, which was previously used as a flag for sea fortresses and called the “Keiser flag,” began to be raised on the bowsprit of ships of the Russian fleet. The red banner was crossed not only by an oblique blue cross, but by a straight white cross. It is believed that it appeared in 1701. Until 1720, Russian ships carried a smaller copy of the stern flag as a huys. The word “guys” has an interesting meaning: it comes from the Dutch “guys”, meaning beggar. This is the name given to the inhabitants of the Netherlands who rebelled against Spanish rule in the 16th century. The largest group of Gueuze fought at sea ("Sea Gueuze") and began to use this flag for the first time.
Guys, flag of sea fortresses.
The primacy of the white flag, with the blue St. Andrew's Cross, was finally enshrined in the Charter of 1797: “If ships are not assigned anywhere, they fly white flags.” At the same time, the ships of the Russian Black Sea Fleet from its founding until 1918 sailed only under white St. Andrew's flags. Colored - blue and red flags were abolished during the reigns of Anna Ioannovna and Catherine the Great. In the roofs (the upper quarter of the flag at the pole) of the blue and red flags from 1797 to 1801 (during the reign of Pavel Petrovich) it was not the St. Andrew’s flag that was placed, but the guy, which for Emperor Paul I, who from childhood held the rank of admiral general, had special meaning as a personal sign. It should be noted that it was Emperor Pavel Petrovich who turned old flags and banners from items of clothing into military relics. In addition, under Emperor Paul, some Russian ships for some time raised a red flag with a white cross of St. John. This flag was created as a stern sign of the Maltese squadrons created by the newly created head of the Order of Malta. On December 16, 1798, Paul I was elected Grand Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem and planned to create a fleet based in Malta to ensure the interests of the Russian Empire in the Mediterranean Sea and southern Europe. The flag was abolished after the death of Pavel Petrovich.
In the 19th century, several more new stern flags appeared in the Russian Empire. So, back in 1797, the ships of the Naval Cadet Corps received a special stern flag, where the coat of arms of the educational institution was placed in the center of the St. Andrew's flag in a red oval. And on the mainmast of the ships of this educational institution they began to raise “ordinary” pennants with three-color braids. Since 1827, ships of training naval crews received the right to raise a special flag, which had an image of a cannon and an anchor (they were also placed in a red oval). The Russian Imperial Navy received its stern flags and hydrographic vessels. In 1828, a flag “for navigation” was established; on the St. Andrew’s flag in the center there was a drawing of a black compass reel with a golden anchor pointing to the north. True, already in 1837 this flag was replaced by the flag of the Hydrograph General established in 1829. It had the same black compass reel, but in a small blue cover. In addition, in 1815-1833. there was also a stern flag for the ships of the Vistula military flotilla (Flag of the military ships of the Kingdom of Poland). It was St. Andrew's flag with a small red roof, in which a white Polish eagle was placed. This flag was canceled after the defeat of the Polish uprising of 1830-1831.
Flag of the Hydrographer General of the General Staff. Flag of ships intended for navigation.
Until 1797, auxiliary vessels of the navy of the Russian Empire carried a tricolor flag at the stern and a jack on the bowsprit. From 1794 to 1804, auxiliary vessels were distinguished by a military pennant. And since May 1804 they received a special flag with a white or blue cloth, with a roof of national colors (white-blue-red) and crossed anchors under it. In addition, the armed transport simultaneously carried a military pennant. All of these flags were abolished in 1865.
St. George's pennant is a three-color pennant with the St. Andrew's flag at the head, on the center of the cross of which there is a red shield with the image of the patron saint of the military, St. George the Victorious, was established in 1819. It began to distinguish the guards crew, which earned this honor in the battle of the city of Kulm in 1813. Other differences that distinguished senior officials were the St. George admiral's flag (it had the panel of the St. Andrew's flag, but with the red shield of St. George the Victorious), the St. George's braid pennant and the rear admiral's boat flag. In addition, during the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-1829. In battles with the Turks, the 74-gun battleship Azov (hero of the Battle of Navarino) and the 18-gun brig Mercury (victory over two Turkish battleships) especially distinguished themselves; they were marked with the Admiral's St. George flags, which were raised as stern ones. In the entire subsequent history of the Russian Empire, not a single warship of the Russian fleet has received such an award.
With the development of the country, changes also occurred in the flags of the navy. In 1865, due to unnecessary use, blue and red flags and pennants were abolished. All, except St. Andrew's, stern flags were also cancelled. In 1870, boat flags became topmast flags of admirals, and the “ordinary” pennant under which ships that were not assigned to any unit sailed was eliminated. The St. George pennant received white braids instead of tricolor ones. In the same year, the stern flag of the auxiliary ships of the Russian Navy became a blue flag, which had an image of the St. Andrew's flag in the roof. In addition, as the armed forces develop, flags of ships of sea fortresses, new flags of officials, ships of individual units, ships of a separate Border Guard Corps, and naval flags appear.
The 1917 revolution brought new symbols. Red banners began to be raised next to St. Andrew's flags. Since the spring of 1918, the raising of the St. Andrew's flag on ships of Soviet Russia was stopped. At the end of 1924, St. Andrew's flags were also lowered on the ships of the White fleet in Bizerte (the ships were laid down to the French, who would soon “put them on pins and needles”). The Guys and the fortress flag, with some changes - in the central part of the flag in a white circle there was a red star with a hammer and sickle in the middle, existed until 1932. In addition, during the Second World War, the symbolism of the St. Andrew's flag was used by the collaborationist units of General Vlasov.
On January 17, 1992, the Russian government adopted a resolution that returned the St. Andrew's flag to the status of the Russian Naval flag. As a result, the pre-revolutionary St. Andrew's flag and jack were restored to the Russian Navy and are still in use today.