PLAN-SUMMARY

SUBJECT: Medical Training

TOPIC: First aid for electric shock and thermal injury

LESSON OBJECTIVES:

Learn first aid for electric shock and thermal injury.

VENUE: classroom

METHOD OF CONDUCT: lecture

MAIN DOCUMENTS AND LITERATURE USED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUMMARY:

Textbook "Training of firefighters - rescuers". Medical training under the editorship of Doctor of Medical Sciences V.I. Dutova (Moscow 2010).

LOGISTICS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT:

Educational board - 1 unit;

Video projector - 1 unit;

I. Preparatory part – 5 minutes………………………………………………………… p.2

II. Main part – 30 minutes……………………………………………………………….. page 2

1. study question………………………………………………………………. page 2

2. educational question……………………………………………………………….… p.6

III. Final part – 10 minutes....…………………………………………………… p.8

Preparatory part

Checks of trainees, according to the list;

Checks at the trainees' means of material support for classes (teaching aids, workbooks (notebooks), pens, etc.);

II.Main part

First aid for electric shock

Features of electric current

There are six main features of electric current:

Lack of organoleptic manifestations - invisibility, noiselessness. Lack of appearance, color, smell, etc.

The ability of current energy to be converted into other forms of energy.

The possibility of causing many types of injuries - electrical, mechanical, thermal, chemical.

The possibility of damage at the site of application and throughout the path of electricity through tissues and organs.

The possibility of remote defeat, arc contact.

The speed, instantaneous spread of the lesion.

Distinguish between direct and alternating current. Today, the use of alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz to 300 GHz is common.

Let's analyze this range in more detail:

Industrial frequency current, 50 Hz, is used in industrial and domestic electrification systems;

Low frequency current, 3-300 kHz - in radio broadcasting, during melting, welding, heat treatment of metals;

Medium frequency current, 0.3-3.0 MHz - in broadcasting, with inductive heating of metals and other materials;

High frequency current, 3.0-30 MHz - in radio broadcasting, television, medicine, when welding polymers;

Very high frequency current, 30-300 MHz - in radio broadcasting, television, medicine, when welding polymers;

Ultra-high frequency current, 0.3-3.0 GHz - in radar, in multichannel radio communications, in radio astronomy, in radio spectroscopy, in radio navigation, in radio relay communications, in telecommunications, in flaw detection, in geodesy, in physiotherapy, in sterilization and cooking and etc.;

Ultra high frequency current. 3-30 GHz;

Extremely high frequency current, 30-300 GHz.

Various electrical installations are powered by three-phase current, voltage 380/200V, and lighting devices - single-phase current with voltage 220/127V.

Current can be applied:

On a four-wire network with an isolated neutral;

On a four-wire network with a solidly grounded neutral;

On a three-wire network with an isolated neutral;

On a three-wire network with a solidly grounded neutral.

An isolated neutral is a transformer or generator neutral that is not connected to a grounding device or connected through a large resistance commensurate with the insulation resistance of the phase wires.

Figure 1. Diagram of the location of dangerous points on the human body.

Networks with an isolated neutral are used in cases where it is possible to control and maintain a high level of wire insulation and when the network capacitance relative to earth is insignificant (slightly branched networks that are not exposed to aggressive environments, which are under the constant supervision of qualified personnel - networks of small enterprises, mobile electrical installations and etc.)

A dead-earthed neutral is a transformer or generator neutral connected directly to a grounding device or through a low resistance.

Networks with dead-earthed neutral are used with a significant length and branching, when it is impossible to provide a high level of insulation (high humidity, aggressive environment, etc.), it is impossible to control and maintain a high level of insulation, or when capacitive currents due to high branching reach dangerous values for humans (networks of large industrial enterprises).

Phase wires A, B, C are called linear wires, the voltage between any two of them is 380V.

The degree of danger and the possibility of electric shock depend on the conditions of inclusion in the network.

1. The most dangerous is the touch of a person to two different phases that are energized. The person is turned on to the full line voltage in the network and the strength of the current passing through the person.

At the same time, in a matter of fractions, a breakdown of the skin occurs and an electric circuit closes in the human body. Especially dangerous is the passage of current near vital organs: the heart, chest, liver, and so on, which can cause heart fibrillation, loss of consciousness and death.

With a two-phase touch, the current passing through a person is practically independent of the network neutral mode. Therefore, a two-phase contact is equally dangerous both in a network with an isolated and with a grounded neutral (if the line voltages of these networks are equal).

2. With simultaneous contact of a person with a linear and neutral wire, single-phase switching takes place.

The first and second cases are still very dangerous because the current passes along the shortest path through the hands and vital organs of a person, paralyzing their work. It should be noted that a person touching different wires with two hands rarely occurs, more often with one hand, i.e. with single-phase switching.

Figure 2. The degree of danger and the possibility of electric shock depend on the conditions of inclusion in the network

The nature and types of electrical injuries, the severity of the lesion. First aid technique for electric shock

Electrical injuries include local injuries and electric shocks.

Local injury:

Electric burn - current, arc. The first of them occurs at low (relatively) voltages of the mains, leading to the conversion of current into heat. Arc burn is one of the severe ones. It occurs in those cases when an electric arc with a thermal energy of more than 35,000 C is formed between the current conductor and the human body;

Electrical signs - appear at the point of contact with a current conductor. Spots of a rounded (oval) shape of gray (pale yellow) color;

Metallization of the skin - damage by metal particles. Melted in an electric arc that penetrates the skin, eyes (this is very dangerous!). The lesions are very painful;

Electrophthalmia - damage to the membranes of the eyes by ultraviolet rays, accompanied by severe pain, pain in the eyes, loss of vision (temporary);

Mechanical injuries - skin ruptures, fractures, ruptures of arteries, veins, ligaments, dislocations. Occur due to involuntary sharp convulsive muscle contractions. Falls from a height when exposed to electricity also lead to injury.

Electric shocks

- convulsive muscle contraction with impaired breathing and palpitations due to a sharp excitation of body tissues by electric current.

Electric shock can result from:

Human exposure to alternating or direct current at home and at work;

As a result of being struck by lightning or being exposed to an electroshock device.

First aid in case of damage with voltage up to 1000 V:

Disconnect the victim, not forgetting about your own safety:

Figure 3. Disconnecting the power source

Turn off or isolate the current source;

Figure 4. Pulling the casualty by the collar. Rescuer in dielectric gloves and boots, operates with one hand

Pull the free edge of dry clothes with one hand, it is better to put the other hand in your pocket or behind your back so as not to accidentally grab the victim with both hands;

Discard the wire with a dry non-conductive object, placing a rubber mat under the wire;

Cut the wire with an object with an insulated handle. The wire of each phase is cut separately, at different levels!!!

2 Check breathing and pulse on the carotid artery.

3 Perform defibrillation (electrical defibrillator) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation as early as possible

Paralysis of the muscles can be observed up to 30 minutes after the action of the current, so resuscitation must be carried out for a long time.

The risk of cardiac arrest persists for 10 days after an electric shock, and is significantly increased in people with chronic heart disease.

In all cases, despite the possible general satisfactory condition, the absence of visible bodily injuries, it is necessary to provide the victim with complete rest, not to be allowed to move.

A sudden deterioration in the condition is possible due to burns of internal organs and tissues along the course of the current, disorders of organs and systems that develop during the first day or in the coming weeks.

First aid for heat injuries

Heatstroke is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the human body is exposed to elevated temperature, in conditions of high humidity, dehydration and disruption of the body's thermoregulation process. Most often, heat stroke develops during hard physical work in conditions of high temperature and humidity. Less often, heat stroke occurs due to prolonged exposure to direct sunlight in hot weather. Regardless of the cause that caused heat stroke, you should immediately seek qualified medical help to prevent its complications (shock, damage to the brain and internal organs, death).

Causes of heat stroke:

The main cause of heat stroke is the exposure of the body to high temperature in a high humidity environment.

Also, heat stroke can occur as a result of wearing warm and synthetic clothing that prevents the body from generating heat.

Excessive alcohol consumption can cause heat stroke, because. alcohol interferes with thermoregulation.

Hot weather. If you are not accustomed to the effects of high temperatures on the body, limit your physical activity for at least a couple of days in case of a sudden change in temperature. Heavy exercise in the open sun is a serious risk factor for developing heat stroke.

Some medicines also increase the risk of heat stroke. Medications that increase the risk of heat stroke include vasoconstrictors, diuretics, antidepressants, and antipsychotics.

Which people are most at risk of developing heat stroke?

Anyone can get heat stroke, but some people, due to their physiological characteristics, are at greater risk of getting heat stroke than others. Those most at risk for heatstroke are:

Children and the elderly. In newborns, thermoregulatory processes are not fully developed, so they have an increased risk of heat stroke. . In the elderly, thermoregulation weakens with age, which also leads to an increased risk of heat stroke. Pregnant women are also at risk for heatstroke.

genetic predisposition. Some researchers believe that there are people with genetic characteristics of the body that increase the risk of heat stroke (congenital absence of sweat glands, cystic fibrosis).

Heat injury symptoms:

High body temperature (40 C and above) is the main symptom of heat stroke.

Heatstroke often causes thirst.

Absence of sweating. In heatstroke caused by hot weather, the skin becomes hot and dry to the touch. And with heat stroke caused by strenuous physical work, the skin is usually moist, sticky.

During heatstroke, the skin often turns red.

There is lethargy, fatigue, weakness, drowsiness, shortness of breath..

With heat stroke, the heart rate rises sharply, breathing quickens.

Also, with heat stroke, a throbbing headache, tinnitus can develop.

Less commonly, heat stroke causes symptoms such as: convulsions, hallucinations, loss of consciousness, as well as weakening of the heart and breathing.

When the human body is exposed to high temperatures, heat cramps can develop. Heat cramps are a precursor to heat stroke. The first signs of heat cramps are: profuse sweating, fatigue, thirst, muscle cramps in the abdomen, legs and arms. To prevent the first signs of heat stroke, such as muscle cramps, it is recommended to drink plenty of fluids, combine physical activity with rest, and work in a well-ventilated or air-conditioned room.

Complications of heat stroke:

As a result of heat stroke, a complication such as shock can develop. The first signs of shock in heat stroke are: a weak pulse (low blood pressure), blue lips and nails, the skin becomes cold and wet, loss of consciousness. All these changes in the body lead to the development of edema of the internal organs and the brain. Edema, in turn, leads to irreversible damage to internal organs and the brain and death.

First aid for heat stroke:

Take the victim to a cool place, to fresh air.

Remove tight clothing, untie tie, remove shoes.

For more severe cases: Wrap with a damp sheet (the water should be cold, but not icy), cold compress on the head.

Douse with cool water and blow with air. fanning the victim with a fan, newspaper.

Heatstroke occurs not only as a result of dehydration, but also as a result of the loss of salts through sweat. Therefore, in case of heat stroke, it is recommended to drink 1 liter of water with the addition of 2 teaspoons of salt.

Ice packs can also be applied to the neck, back, armpits, and groin to lower body temperature.

Monitor the pulse, the general condition of the victim. In the absence of the effect of treatment - hospitalization.

In case of heatstroke, never drink alcoholic and caffeinated drinks (tea, coffee, cappuccino) as these drinks violate the thermoregulation of the body.

Final part

The leader of the lesson answers the questions of the trainees that arose during the lesson.

Putting in order the educational base;

Lesson conclusions;

The leader of the lesson conducts a short survey on the topic covered;

The assignment is for self-study.

If the victim himself is not able to free himself from the action of the electric current (take his hand away from the current-carrying parts, move away, cut the wire, open the circuit), then he must immediately be assisted in this.

When freeing a person from the action of an electric current, such precautions must be taken so as not to find yourself in the position of the victim. It is necessary to turn off the unit with the nearest switch or interrupt the current circuit by cutting the wire using tools with insulating handles (knife, wire cutters, ax, etc.). to turn off the overhead line (if the incident occurred on the line route), you can make it short by throwing a bare grounded wire. This will cause automatic tripping of the overcurrent protection line. When, after turning off the installation, the victim is threatened with a fall from a height, measures must be taken against falling and possible bruises of the victim.

If it is impossible to turn off the installation to release the victim from the action of electric current, it is necessary to separate the victim from current-carrying parts.

In installations with voltages up to 1000 V, this victim can be pulled away from live parts. When pulling the victim, you should not touch his body with your hands, you should use his clothes if they are dry; you can also use insulating protective equipment (for example, dielectric gloves, rubber mat, etc.).

When pulling away from the current-carrying parts of the victim in installations with voltages above 1000 V, you need to isolate yourself from the victim with one of the main protective equipment, for example, use an operational rod or tongs to change fuse inserts in combination with dielectric boots or rugs.

If the victim grabbed the wire in his hands and was energized, then you can pull the wire out of his hands by grabbing the wire (in settings up to 1000 V) with hands in dielectric gloves or using a dry wooden stick or board. In installations with voltages above 1000 V, it is possible to pull the wire from the victim only with the help of an operational rod or tongs for changing fuses.

After the release of the victim from the action of electric current, he must immediately receive first aid in accordance with his condition. If the victim has not lost consciousness and can move independently, take him to a room convenient for rest, calm him down, give him a drink of water, offer him to lie down. If at the same time the victim has any injuries, then provide appropriate assistance on the spot, and, if necessary, refer to a medical center or call a doctor.

If, after releasing the victim from the action of an electric current, he is in an unconscious state, but breathes normally and a pulse is felt, you should immediately call a doctor, and before he arrives, provide assistance on the spot - bring the victim to consciousness: give a sniff of ammonia, ensure the supply of fresh air.

If, after being released from the action of electric current, the victim is in a serious condition, i.e. does not breathe or breathes heavily, intermittently, then having called an ambulance doctor, it is necessary, without wasting a minute, to start artificial respiration on the spot.

Perform artificial respiration. When applying artificial respiration, it is necessary to observe the face of the victim, since the first signs of recovery are observed on the face. If the victim moved his lips or eyelids or made a swallowing movement, observe whether he makes an independent entry. When the victim begins to breathe independently and evenly, artificial respiration is stopped, since its continuation can already cause harm.

Before starting artificial respiration:

A) release the victim from restrictive clothing - unbutton the collar, untie the scarf, release the belt, bodice, etc .;

B) quickly free the victim's mouth from foreign objects, remove dentures;

C) open the victim's mouth if it was convulsively compressed.

To revive the imaginary dead, it is necessary to give him artificial respiration by contact method of blowing air from the mouth of the rescuer into the mouth of the victim. At the same time, more than 1 liter of air can be blown into the lungs of the victim without much difficulty with each blowing (inhalation).

With each blowing of air, it is possible to control its flow into the lungs of the victim: at first, the air passes easily, and then, as the lungs expand, resistance to further blowing increases. At the same time, the expansion of the chest with each blowing and its subsequent collapse as a result of passive exhalation of air through the respiratory tract outward after the cessation of blowing is clearly visible.

The technique of blowing air into the mouth or nose is as follows. The victim lies on his back. His head is thrown back, for which they put one hand under the neck, and with the other hand they press on the crown. This ensures the departure of the root of the tongue from the back wall of the larynx and the restoration of airway patency. When the head is in the current position, the mouth opens. If there is mucus in the mouth, then it is wiped with a handkerchief or the edge of a shirt stretched over the index finger. After that, they start blowing air into the mouth.

The person providing assistance takes a deep breath, tightly (possibly through gauze or a handkerchief) presses his mouth to the mouth of the victim and blows air with force (Fig. 3.4).

During the blowing of air, you should close the nose of the victim with your fingers in order to fully ensure the flow of all the blown air into his lungs. If it is impossible to completely cover the mouth of the victim, it should be blown into the nose 9 while his mouth should be closed).

Air is blown in every 5-6 seconds, which corresponds to a respiratory rate of 10-12 times per minute. After each blow, the victim's mouth and nose are released for free (passive) air out of the victim's lungs.

If there is no pulse, continue artificial respiration and at the same time startexternal heart massage .

An external, indirect heart massage maintains blood circulation in both a stopped and fibrillating heart. Practice shows that such a massage can lead to the resumption of independent normal activity of the heart. The caregiver puts both hands on top of each other, palms down, on the lower part of the victim's sternum (Fig. 3.5). rhythmically, 60-80 times per minute presses on the lower part of the sternum vertically down. The chest during clinical death makes a person very mobile due to loss of muscle tone, which allows the lower end of the sternum to be displaced by 3–4 cm during massage. The heart is compressed in this way, and blood flows out of its cavities into the blood vessels.

After each compression, hands should be taken away from the sternum so that the chest is completely straightened, and the heart is filled with blood.

The effect of indirect heart massage is manifested primarily in the fact that each pressure on the sternum causes a pulse to appear on the radial artery at the wrist or on the carotid artery in the neck.

It is very important to correctly combine artificial respiration with chest compressions. For every four chest compressions, one breath should be taken while the chest is expanded.

Thus, for 60 clicks, 14-15 breaths of air into the lungs are passed within a minute.

It is most expedient to carry out revival by two trained persons, each of whom can alternately perform artificial respiration and chest compressions, replacing each other every 5-10 minutes. It is less tiring than the same person's uninterrupted procedure.

In extreme cases, help can be provided by one person, alternating artificial respiration and heart massage.

With proper artificial respiration and heart massage, the following signs of recovery appear in the victim: improvement in complexion, independent respiratory movements appear, pupils constrict.

Electric shock occurs when a person interacts with live parts of electrical equipment due to breakdown or malfunction.

The complexity of the injuries received depends on many factors:

• individual characteristics of a person;
• discharge power;
• voltage class;
• character();
• touch points;
• flow paths through the body.

The passage of current through the vessels

The danger of electrical injury lies in the fact that without special devices, the presence of an emergency situation cannot be detected.

Causes of electrical injury

• Touching the surfaces of electrical appliances, bare wires, contacts of electrical devices (circuit breakers, lamp sockets, fuses) under voltage.
• Touching electrical devices that are energized due to a malfunction.
• Simultaneous touching of two energized phases.
• Violation of personnel safety rules during construction and installation works.
• Touching wet metal structures or walls connected to a power source.

Careless use of household appliances

Electric shock

Main symptoms

Signs of electric shock:

• lack of breathing;
• pallor;
• "signs of current" on the body of the victim;
• the smell of burning (hair, electrical appliances, etc.);
• finding a person in a prone position near an electrical appliance;
• lack of pulsation of the arteries;
• lack of breathing;

With a fatal outcome, multiple burns and petechial hemorrhages are present on the skin. Those who survive an electrical injury are usually in a coma. The condition is characterized by unstable work of the respiratory system, heart and vascular collapse. The subsequent state is marked by increased aggression and convulsions up to bone fracture from muscle contractions (falls during seizures).

When receiving a high voltage electrical injury, the patient often experiences hypovolemic shock, hypotension, and kidney failure develops.

The next step is tissue destruction caused by electrical burns. Also, due to injury, chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (bleeding from ulcers, ulcerative colitis, etc.), pulmonary edema, and various kinds of aerobic and anaerobic infections can worsen.

Electrical injury with severe consequences

In almost every case, cerebral edema is observed with an accompanying coma for up to several days.

Less common consequences include disorders of the nervous system leading to partial disability:

• burn damage;
• visual impairment;
• reflex dystrophy;
• frequent headaches;
• cataracts;
• impaired memory, emotional balance;
• spinal cord ruptures;
• seizures.

Changes in the body

The current acts on the tissue in four directions:

• biological;
• mechanical;
• electrolytic;
• thermal.

Biological - violation of the composition of body tissues, biological processes, exacerbation of diseases.

Mechanical - violation of the integrity of the skin and other tissues.

Electrolytic - decomposition of blood and body secrets.

Thermal - burns, heating of blood vessels.

Electric shock to hands

The electric current passes through a closed circuit, i.e. always looking for a way out. Therefore, the degree of electric shock to the body depends on the path along which it passes through the body. If the lesion goes through the lower limbs and goes to the ground, the danger to the body is reduced.

In cases where the current load passes through the heart or head, the likelihood of severe injury increases dramatically. Those. the closer the path of the electric current to the heart, the more likely the fatal outcome of the incident.

The second indicator of the degree of damage is the duration of exposure. The greatest danger to the body is alternating current, because. causes convulsions of the heart. In this situation, a person will not be able to free himself. Sweat caused by convulsions reduces resistance and increases the negative impact of the current flow.

Most often in such cases, death occurs: the electric current passing through the heart causes ventricular fibrillation. Cardiac arrest occurs from damage to the central nervous system.

High voltage is characterized by high temperatures and, upon contact with the skin, causes severe arc burns and charring. In such incidents, clothing and nearby objects are ignited. If the heating from the electric current is direct, then necrotic points are formed at the entry-exit points of the flow and the vessels. thrombosis develops.

Types of lesions

• electrical injury;
• electric shock;
• electric shock.

Electric shocks are divided into several types:

• electrical signs;
• burns;
• mechanical damage;
• eye damage;
• electropigmentation of the skin.

Electric burn is damage to the skin by electric current. It is caused by the passage of a stream of particles directly through the human body. Distinguish:

• Arc. Occur under the influence of an electric arc on the human body. Characterized by high temperature.
• Contact burns are the most common. Caused by direct contact of current up to 1 kV with the skin.

Electric sign - a change in the structure of the skin in the places where the electric current enters. Most often observed on the hands. The skin becomes swollen, round or oval marks appear some time after the incident occurs.

The consequences of electric shock in the form of electrical signs

Mechanical damage - ruptures of muscles and skin. Occur due to convulsions. There have been cases of broken limbs.

Electrophthalmia - inflammation of the membrane of the eye due to exposure to ultraviolet radiation (during the appearance of an electric arc). Diagnosed after 6 hours after injury. Symptoms - reddening of proteins, increased tearing, partial blindness, headache, pain in the eyes in the light, impaired transparency of the cornea, narrowing of the pupil. The condition lasts for several days.

It is possible to prevent electrophthalmia in production and during construction work if protective goggles are used.

Electrophthalmia - damage to the membrane of the eye during electrical trauma

Electroplating - the penetration of small molten particles into the skin. Appears due to splashing of hot metal during arc burning. The degree of injury depends on the extent of the action of the metal. Often the skin is gradually restored.

Electric shock is the response of the central nervous system to external stimulation with an electric current. Consequences: disruption of the lung muscles, blood circulation. It is divided into 2 phases - excitation and depletion of the central nervous system. After a prolonged state of shock, death occurs.

Electric shock - convulsive contractions of muscle tissue under the influence of electric current. Minor injuries cause weak impacts (discomfort, tingling). High voltage current is extremely dangerous. Under its influence, a person cannot act independently. A few minutes later, suffocation and ventricular fibrillation set in.

Current loads in industrial installations with a frequency of 20-100 Hz or more are considered the most dangerous. Such an electric current causes, in addition to burns, irreversible destruction of internal organs.

Electric shocks are distinguished by 4 degrees:

1. convulsive contraction of muscle tissue;
2. the same, but with loss of consciousness (respiration and heart function remain within normal limits);
3. loss of consciousness, disruption of vital organs, exacerbation of chronic diseases;
4. clinical death.

The path of the current load through the body is a decisive factor. The most dangerous are electrical injuries, in which the current flows along the body (arm - arm, arm - leg, head - legs, head - arms) through the heart.

The most dangerous is the "right arm - legs" path, when the flow passes along the axis of the heart.

The main factors affecting the magnitude of the passing electric current:

• The physical state. Chronic disease and acute course of disease is characterized by a decrease in body resistance. Therefore, a person who has health problems is more likely to get an injury with a higher severity. Athletes and men have higher body resistance than women. The amount of alcohol consumed also negatively affects this value.
• Mental condition. An excited state of the nervous system raises blood pressure and speeds up the heartbeat. In such cases, when injured, ventricular fibrillation quickly develops.
• Environmental conditions: season, weather, temperature, relative humidity. In conditions of increasing atmospheric pressure, the severity of the injury increases.
• The place of entry and exit of the stream. Different parts of the body have different resistance, and therefore the extent of the lesion is different.
• Cleanliness of the skin. The presence of a layer of sweat or dirt (good conductors of electricity) increases the likelihood of severe burns.

Consequences

• Loss of consciousness.
• Burns due to high temperature.
• Failures in the work of the heart muscle even with a minimum time of contact with the mains.
• Disorders of the nervous system, asystole.
• Exacerbation of chronic diseases.
• Appearance of internal bleeding.
• General increase in pressure.

Help with electric shock

First of all, it is necessary to de-energize the place of the incident, and the victim must be released from contact with the source without direct contact. For this, dielectrics are used - rubber sheets, plaits, leather belts, dry wooden sticks, poles. Wear rubber gloves if possible.

If the patient cannot breathe on his own, then they immediately begin artificial ventilation of the lungs - "mouth to mouth". Intermittent respiratory support should be continued for the next four hours.

In cases where a person has no heartbeat, an indirect heart massage is performed together with artificial ventilation of the lungs. If the injury is caused by a lightning strike and asystole is observed, a hand blow to the heart is performed, then artificial respiration.

If the injury was caused by contact with low voltage, then defibrillation is performed. On examination, special attention is paid to the presence of fractures and bruises of the spine.

Help for an electric shock victim - defibrillation

A person who has received electrochemical burns should be immediately taken to the burn department or traumatology.

Treatment of wounds in a hospital is to remove dead skin layers. In almost all cases, antimicrobial treatment is carried out aimed at preventing the spread of infections in the body.

Patients in a coma need constant monitoring of intracranial pressure. In case of complications, head injuries, special therapy should be used.

To reduce the risk of electrical injury, you must:

• lay electrical wiring with a grounding cable (or wire) in residential and administrative buildings;
• effectively ground all electrical devices;
• use sockets with grounding contacts for household and office electrical appliances;
• correctly twist, and not bend, the wires of extension cords and electrical appliances;
• install sockets with an appropriate degree of protection in wet rooms;
• do not use faulty electrical appliances;
Rate this article:

Potential danger surrounds a person from all sides. Even such communication as the power system is fraught with a lot of risk and often entails unpleasant situations. Today's conditions allow a person to use various household installations, but at the same time it is necessary to follow safety rules so as not to get an electrical injury. Our article today will discuss how to provide first aid for electric shock.

The resulting electrical injury, regardless of its degree, must be examined, as it may have hidden symptoms, such as a mental disorder and damage to internal organs. But first, first aid is needed for electrical injury, which a person without a medical education can do thanks to a list of rules.

Important! The further life of the victim may depend on your actions, therefore, there is no time for mistakes!

• The first thing to do is to prevent electricity from reaching a person. At the same time, do not forget to protect yourself, because the wrong actions can destroy you and make you the next victim;
• immediately assess the condition of the person who received the electric shock, examine the integument, if there is damage, it is necessary to alleviate their soreness;
• pay attention to the nature of the electrical injury. Too much damage with missing consciousness and breathing may indicate a threat to life;
• if the consequences are complex, we perform artificial respiration, and, if necessary, an indirect heart massage. In a mild degree, it is enough to give a person a plentiful drink;
• if possible, before the arrival of doctors, you need to make sure that the victim has signs of life.

Important! Do not touch the victim with bare hands - it is better to use wooden materials, since such raw materials do not conduct electricity.

Methods for saving a person from electric current

All that is required of an eyewitness is to help a person who has been hit by electricity. To this end, it is necessary to take a number of measures.

Perform a power outage: disconnect circuit breakers or de-energize the network by any suitable means. If the victim's clothing catches fire, be sure to remove it as soon as possible. To avoid injury yourself, use non-conductive clothing. For example, rubber gloves and thin dry clothes are suitable. Approach the electrically injured person with short steps and slowly.

Lay the victim on a flat surface. If he begins to choke, you should put a roller of clothes under his shoulders or neck. If you have a first aid kit on hand, give the victim a pain reliever. In this situation, heart pills will be useful.

Noticing burns on the body, be sure to apply a sterile bandage, do not use medications - this can cause an allergic reaction and other complications. When the burns correspond to the most severe stages and there is no consciousness, they resort to cardiac stimulation. For this, an indirect heart massage and mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration are performed simultaneously.

Often, the victim of an electric shock has an “imaginary death”. In such circumstances, the rescuer must act carefully. Even if there is no heartbeat, and there is shallow breathing, life-saving measures should be taken until the condition improves or until signs of clinical death.

Medical examination

Noticing that a person has received an electrical injury, do not leave this problem to chance, be sure to call a medical team and carry out the above measures if necessary. Even if the victim has a mild degree of damage, the opinion of the medical staff should not be excluded. Perhaps complications will make themselves felt a few hours after the electric shock. When there are no obvious damages, this is not the conclusion that there are no difficulties. Be sure to electrical injury should be diagnosed as much as possible in order to exclude the consequences that may appear suddenly on the internal organs.

First medical aid in case of electric shock is carried out in the physical room. For this purpose, special equipment is used that analyzes the possibility of complications after an electrical injury.

We determine the signs of life of the victim

Mandatory actions in the event of an electrical injury should be carried out only after determining the condition of the person who was shocked.

1. Assess his state of mind. It can be clear, absent, or broken.
2. Examine the human skin, pay attention to the mucous membranes. In normal condition, they are slightly pinkish. When a person has been injured, the manifestations of cyanosis and the formation of pale yellow spots are not excluded.
3. Stable breathing in a person indicates a slight violation of the body by electric current. It happens that breathing is absent or works abnormally.
4. Perform a pulse test. Assess the further situation according to his condition, that is, the pulse is weak or absent.
5. Eye pupils must be checked: they are dilated and constricted from the effects of electric shock to a person.

Important! If you do not have experience in providing first aid to an electric shock victim, you need to call someone who knows a lot about this and immediately call an ambulance.

Artificial respiration tactics

The subsequent condition of the victim and his chance for life depend on the correctness of artificial respiration.

The process can be performed in two ways: mouth-to-nose and mouth-to-mouth. Thanks to such methods, the optimal amount of air enters the lungs of the victim, who cannot breathe on his own.

We lay the victim on his back, remove foreign substances from the victim's mouth. Loosen tight clothing and clear your airways. If the tongue is sunk and prevents breathing, it is necessary to remove its root from the larynx. To do this, place one palm from below, and press the other on the forehead, and tilt the head of the victim as best as possible. Thus, the tongue should rise and make way for the air.

Now the rescuer inhales deeply with an open mouth and exhales vigorously into the victim's mouth, while remembering to close the nose.

Attention! Keep an eye on the state of the chest; it should rise when air enters and fall after it leaves. For a greater effect, press on the chest so that the remaining air is embroidered more quickly and continue the technique until the person begins to breathe on his own.

How to do an indirect heart massage

If artificial respiration is unsuccessful, as a first aid for electrical injury, an indirect massage of the heart muscle is performed to restore blood flow to all systems and organs of the victim:

• lay the victim on a flat horizontal plane;
• now perform vigorous artificial respiration;
• they immediately rebuild, lay their palms correctly, as shown in the image, and make strong shocks in the sternum. Please note that the victim's sternum should be squeezed by 5 cm. The interval between pressures should be no more than half a second;
• two deep breaths into the victim's airways followed by fifteen pressures.

This technique is used several times, so that as a result, per minute, 60 pressures and 50 blows are obtained.

Important! In no case, when blowing air into an electric shock, should pressure be applied to the chest at the same time.

First aid in case of electrical injury is carried out in a certain time period.

How to determine that a person is struck by electricity?

If a person is affected by a current with a force of 15mA, he has massive convulsions throughout his body. As a result, numbness of some muscles and spasms occur. Due to such lesions, the victim is unable to release tension, and the disruption of the vocal cords does not allow calling for help.

In the case of prolonged exposure to voltage, respiratory arrest and clinical death occur if the victim was not provided with medical assistance in time. According to external signs, if a person suffered from an electric shock, he differs little from the deceased. It is almost impossible to listen to the beat of the heart and the rhythm of breathing, the skin becomes pale, in some places it has bluish spots.

In some cases, with a slight electric shock, dizziness and slight fainting may occur. Remember, not a single electric shock passes without a trace for the heart.

It is not uncommon for a person to be struck by lightning, while similar signs are observed. Most often, blue or black ramifications are observed on the body of the victim - this indicates vasodilation. There comes deafness, dumbness, loss of creation and no signs of life.

When rescuing a victim who has received an electrical injury, it is important to use dielectric elements; you can not touch a person with your bare hands. Need items that do not conduct electricity.

Working in electrical installations is dangerous. Despite multi-level protection against erroneous actions of workers during switching and repair work, the risk of being energized still remains. It is especially great for newly hired workers and, oddly enough, for experienced workers with many years of experience. The latter is explained by a dulling of the sense of danger and excessive confidence in one's own abilities.

First aid in case of electric shock should be carried out immediately, because the correctness and speed of action are the means of preserving human life and health. All those working in electrical installations, regardless of their position and occupation, are trained in rescue techniques under the guidance of a medical worker. Resuscitation techniques are practiced on special mannequins. First aid for electric shock is a topic that is necessarily included in the list of questions in electrical safety exams.

Receptions and means for release from electric current

The human body is a good conductor of electricity. Its resistance is not constant, but depends on a number of factors, including not only the state of the environment (heat or humidity), but also the processes occurring inside.

When an electric shock is struck, the muscles contract reflexively. The more current passes through the body, the stronger the contraction occurs, and at a certain value, called the non-release limit, a person is not able to independently release a bare wire or bus under voltage. Therefore, first aid for electric shock begins with interrupting the current path passing through the body of the victim. In this case, any available means and methods are used.

But before that, using the means of communication, it is imperative to take measures to notify the operational service of the electrical installation management about what happened, where and with whom. They will provide a call to the scene of the medical team and rush to help themselves. If there is no operational service in the electrical installation, medical assistance is called independently.

The most effective way to interrupt the current through the human body is to turn off part of the electrical installation. However, the means to disable is not always available. It is possible to arrange a short circuit on the tires by throwing a metal object on them so that the sparks and arc do not harm either the rescuer or the victim. In other cases, it is recommended, using personal protective equipment: dielectric gloves, galoshes, boots, operational rods, to tear the victim away from the conductors that he is holding on to. When energized, the victim must be pulled to a safe distance from the place of damage, also using protective equipment.

Assessment of the victim's condition

After the electric current no longer threatens either you or the victim, it is required to assess his clinical condition. To do this, find out:

• whether the victim is conscious;
• is he breathing?
• does he have a pulse.

If the victim is unconscious, and he has a pulse and breathing (even if they are unstable), he should be placed on his stomach, clean his mouth with a napkin or handkerchief, and put something cold on his head - a lump of snow or a special cooling bag from the first aid kit . In this position, he must remain until medical help arrives.

The presence of a pulse is checked on the carotid artery. In its absence, one cannot waste precious time checking for breathing - clinical death has occurred, and the time is counting down to minutes. Resuscitation is required immediately.

Resuscitation measures

Before starting resuscitation, turn the injured worker on his back. The chest is freed from clothing, his belt on the belt is unfastened. The head is thrown back, for which a roller of folded clothes or soft improvised means is placed under the neck. The jaw should be pushed forward. All these measures are necessary so that the tongue does not block the larynx and does not prevent air from entering the lungs. Otherwise, artificial respiration will become ineffective.

Resuscitation begins with a punch to the sternum opposite the heart. Sometimes this action allows you to immediately start it. The pulse is monitored, if it does not appear, resuscitation is continued.

The rescuer is located on the right side of the victim. He places the palms of his hands crosswise one under the other. An indirect heart massage is performed: the chest is pressed with a frequency of 50-80 times per minute. The force of pressure should be such that the sternum sags inward by 3-4 cm. Excessive pressure cannot be applied - the ribs should not be broken, otherwise the whole point of resuscitation disappears. The victim will receive internal damage, and his death will be inevitable.

If resuscitation occurs with the participation of only one rescuer, then heart massage has to be alternated with artificial respiration. Chest compressions are counted, after 15 compressions, two forced breaths of air are taken into the lungs.

To do this, the rescuer pinches the victim's nose with his left hand, throws his head back with his right hand, inhales the air. Then, through a napkin, gauze or mouth-mask, which is part of the first aid kit, previously placed on the victim's mouth, inhales air into the lungs. It is necessary to monitor the victim's sternum: it should rise. This suggests that the air did not enter the stomach, but into the lungs.

After that, the rescuer continues indirect massage to the victim, alternating 15 pressures on the sternum with two breaths of air. Counting aloud the number of clicks is recommended in order not to lose the rhythm, as well as for the self-soothing of the person providing assistance. The monotonous count allows you to suppress feelings of fear and excitement and not lose control of yourself.

If two are involved in resuscitation, then they carry out massage and artificial respiration in turn, being next to each other, on one side of the victim. After five pressures, two breaths are performed for artificial respiration. With the participation of three people, the third lifts the victim's legs. This provides him with a flow of blood by gravity to the heart. The third rescuer prepares to massage when the partner is tired. The rescuer, doing artificial respiration, controls the pulse of the victim in the pauses between breaths.

The complex of resuscitation measures continues until the doctors arrive. Only medical workers can conclude that death has occurred and further resuscitation is meaningless.

If breathing and pulse appear, the victim is turned over on his stomach, if he is unconscious, cold is applied to the head. When consciousness returns, leave him alone, but do not allow the victim to get up until medical help arrives. Clinical death can occur again at any time, so the victim from the action of electric current should be sent to the hospital under the supervision of doctors.