Content

The installation of concrete stairs is in demand in massive heavy buildings, where light wooden ladders do not look solid enough or cannot cope with the load placed on them. We offer you a material that tells and shows how the installation of concrete marches and stairs is envisaged.

The porch and flight of stairs can be made on your own using concrete. However, please note that this type of stairs is not recommended for installation on soft, landslide, sandy and waterlogged soils.

Installation of concrete marches on stringers

Installation of concrete marches is carried out only by professionals using special equipment. First, "shoes" are poured at the corners of the flight of stairs. Appropriate supports are installed in their cavity, which are reinforced with concrete. After the mortar has dried by welding, stringers and steps are mounted on the mortgages. Depending on the interface with the ground level or with the lower platform, the first stage may have a different configuration. Instead of a concrete kosour, it is permissible to use a channel or an I-beam 150-200 mm high.

The device of the flight of stairs

Another device of the flight of stairs is also possible. Installation of solid reinforced concrete staircases is carried out in three ways. The first method is completely identical to the installation on stringers, where the flight of stairs is installed on concrete or metal beams. In the second method, on a pre-prepared foundation along the slope and along the perimeter of the flight of stairs, retaining walls are laid out of brick or poured out of concrete. The third way is to install a flight of stairs on an earthen embankment with an appropriate slope. In this case, the lower end of the march is rigidly attached to the pre-filled foundation by welding anchors and mortgages, and the upper end to the pouring of the upper platform.

Installation of a flight of stairs

Filling and installation of a flight of stairs on the ground is carried out using various technologies. The design used in this method is fully consistent with the design of the third method for the previous version, but differs in a single monolithic march structure with a lower and upper platform.

This type of stairs can only be poured in areas with a natural slope, requiring little ground planning.

The size of the steps of the flight of stairs

Variant number	Angle of inclination of the flight of stairs	Step height, mm	Step width, mm

It is also worth considering the size of the steps of the flight of stairs. The contour of the flight of stairs, as well as the upper and lower platforms, is formed taking into account the relief of the site and the values ​​\u200b\u200bfrom the table above.

At the foot of the lower step, they dig a trench 40 cm wide and deep, reinforce it and release the ends of the wire into the trench, tying the reinforcement in a checkerboard pattern. Then, over the entire area of ​​the planned porch, a MAK grid is laid, which is raised above ground level by 50 mm. To do this, small stones, fragments of bricks, etc. are placed under the crosshairs of the grid. The ends of the reinforcement are tied with wire to fragments of the grid. At the last stage, a formwork is installed along the width of the flight of stairs and according to the shape of the steps, which is poured with concrete.

Pouring stairs and concrete stairs on video

The pouring technology, including the upper platform, is reduced to the installation of formwork in the shape of a well for each step. The width of each wall is 150 mm. A MAK mesh is installed along the outer perimeter of the porch and steps at a distance of 50 mm from the outer wall and over its entire area. The structure is built on a waterproofing platform, and the outer and inner surfaces of the finished walls are painted with moisture-resistant compounds. After that, crushed stone, gravel or expanded clay is poured into the formed wells. At the final stage, a cement-sand screed is laid over the steps. We offer you to watch concrete stairs in the video:

Stair flights and landings mounted as the walls of the building are erected. The intermediate platform and the first march are installed along the laying of the internal walls of the staircase, the second (storey) platform and the second march - after the completion of the laying of the floor.

Prior to the installation of landings and marches, their dimensions are checked. Then the installation sites are marked, a layer of mortar is applied to the support platform and the landing is installed. Immediately after reconciliation of the site, another march is mounted. This allows you to adjust the relative position of the march and the platform before setting the solution.

Rice. 117. Reconciliation of the position of landings:
1 - floor slabs, 2 - intermediate platform, 3 - template, 4 - floor platform

The installation methods for landings do not differ from the methods of laying floor panels. The position of the landing is verified vertically and in plan. If the elevation of the top of the site turns out to be higher than the design one, then accordingly it will be necessary to raise the elevation of the floor covering, and this will require additional labor and material costs. To align the position of landings (Fig. 117), template 3 is used in the plan, copying the profile of the supporting part of the march.

Rice. 118. Flight of stairs, slinged with a two-branch sling using a fork

A flight of stairs is served by a crane using a fork and a two- or four-branch sling with two shortened branches (Fig. 118), which, when lifted, give the march a slope slightly greater than the design one. When installing a flight of stairs, it is first supported on the lower platform, and then on the upper one. If you do the opposite, the march may break from the upper platform. With such a landing, the march can also wedge between the upper and lower platforms.

Before installing the march, the installers arrange a bed of mortar on the supporting places of the landings, throwing and leveling it with trowels.

Rice. 119. The sequence of installation of the flight of stairs:
a - slinging with a fork, b - lifting, c - acceptance and lowering, d - installation in the design position

When installing marches, one installer is on the lower platform, the other is on the overlying floor or on the scaffold next to the stairwell, the first one takes the march and directs it to the stairwell, moving simultaneously to the upper platform. At a height of 300 ... 400 mm from the landing site of the march, both installers press it against the wall, give the crane operator a signal and set the lower end of the march in place, then the upper one. Installation inaccuracies are corrected with crowbars, after which the sling is unhooked, the joints between the march and the platforms are sealed with cement mortar and inventory fences are installed. The sequence of operations is shown in fig. 119, a...g.

Permissible deviations from the design position of prefabricated flights of stairs and landings

• Deviation of the top of the landing from the design - 5 mm
• Platform deviation from the horizontal - 5 mm
• The difference between the marks of the upper surface of adjacent steps - 3 mm
• Deviation from the horizontal of the treads of the flight of stairs - 5 mm

In order to acquire a high-quality and comfortable staircase system, you have three ways: to purchase a ready-made structure, to order the required model to a carpentry specialist, to make a staircase with your own hands.

Where to begin?

Before you start building a staircase made of wood, you need to think through the individual details. First of all, you need to decide on the type of design. In private homes, two types of stairs are most often used. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages.

• The device of a wooden staircase of a spiral type will take up much less free space. However, such systems are difficult to implement. Moreover, the stairs themselves come out relatively narrow, it will be difficult for a “large” person to walk along them (not to mention the transportation of various items or large-sized furniture).
• The most popular version for a private house is a wooden staircase. Such systems can be easily built with your own hands. They are comfortable to use and quite spacious. Marching stairs can have one or two spans. But there is no significant difference in the construction of each type.

• what area can you allocate for the installation of stairs;
• what is the height between floors;
• what maximum load the ladder structure will have to withstand;
• what is the structure of the structure (type of steps, their height and width, type of fences, etc.);
• What is the intended appearance.

Calculations

After you have decided on the above tasks, you can begin to calculate the future staircase and create its drawing. Let's calculate all the parameters first.

• The height of the entire wooden structure. This parameter is defined as the distance between the level of the final floor of the first floor and the level of the final floor of the 2nd floor.
• March width. There are no limits for the largest march width. This parameter is set according to available space and demand. But on the other hand, the smallest size should be at least 600 mm - otherwise you may not part with the person walking towards you, moving along the narrow stairs will be extremely uncomfortable.

• The height and number of steps. In accordance with some regulations in construction, the height of the steps is taken from 15 to 20 cm in size. Usually, an average of 17 cm is used. The number of steps is set as the quotient of dividing the height of the entire structure by the height of each of the steps. If the result is an uneven amount, then you can lower the height of the lower step.
• The width of the top of the step (tread). There are also some rules here. This value should be between 22 and 40 cm.
• The size of the steps. The length of these steps is not so important, and the angle of rotation of each step does not matter. It is important that the narrowest place in width makes it possible to go down it, holding on to the railing. The size of the tread in this place should be more than 220-250 mm, and the line of movement along the middle part corresponded to the conditions provided above - otherwise it will be unsafe to move up the stairs.

• Distance between balusters. The distance between adjacent vertical poles should be no more than 300 mm (so that a person cannot slip between them when falling).
• The length of the stairs. It is calculated by multiplying the width of the top of the step and the number of steps. Sometimes the value obtained can be excessively large and not fit in the allotted area. In this case, you can reduce the width of the top of the step or make a two-flight staircase.
• fence height. Railings should be at such a height that it is convenient to hold on to them. So, on a flat area, this value should be 1050–1100 mm, and on a site with a slope of 900–950 mm.
• Among other things, it is necessary to calculate the clearance above the stairs. When climbing stairs, there must be free space above your head so as not to hit your head. But the length of the supporting structure of the flight of stairs (kosour or bowstring) is also calculated.

Material selection

Knowing all the characteristics of the design, you can proceed to the choice of materials. Stairs can be made from various types of wood. Most experts recommend using beech, oak or larch. But this wood is very expensive. As a rule, conifers are used. They are very strong, easy to process and have a low cost.

When purchasing wood, you need to pay attention to the level of its quality. Boards should not be deformed, have places of decay and fallen out knots. Wood must be thoroughly dried.

Accessories

To install a wooden staircase in the house, you need quality materials.

• Bars for the supporting structure of the flight of stairs - they must be at least 50 mm thick, and commensurate with the size of the steps in width. The footage of the timber should be enough for the entire length of the flight of stairs, it is impossible to connect two bars.
• Boards with a thickness of 40 mm for the manufacture of treads.
• Boards 30 mm thick for the manufacture of risers.
• Balusters, handrails and other additions are better to buy ready-made, they will look more aesthetically pleasing.
• Galvanized fasteners - screws, self-tapping screws, dowels and anchor bolts.

Along with this, you need to prepare the following tools for work:

• devices for measuring and marking (building corner, tape measure, ruler);
• to form holes, you will need a drill (electric drill);
• hacksaws for iron and wood;
• screwdriver or screwdriver with a set of nozzles;
• a set of chisels and a hammer for making grooves;
• electric planer (can be simple);
• sanding skin.

And, of course, a detailed drawing should be at hand.

Production technology

We will analyze the process of manufacturing a wooden staircase in a private house with our own hands using the example of the most common type - a staircase on stringers.

How to do the work so as not to violate the rules and norms established for the selected staircase design, what procedure and manufacturing techniques - you will learn from the step-by-step instructions.

Manufacturing of stringers

To create a kosour, a well-dried, knot-free, flat board 40 mm thick and 300 mm wide is taken. Now you need to mark up the cutouts for the steps (steps) on the stringer.

In order for the markup to turn out correct, you need to make a special template. It can be made from a sheet of plywood in the form of a square with angles equal to 90 ° and two slats.

We measure from the corner of the plywood sheet a distance corresponding to the width of the step and the height of the riser. We connect the obtained labels with each other with a straight line. After that, we nail the slats directly along the drawn line on each side of the plywood sheet.

Using the template made, we mark the cutouts on the stringer for the steps and risers. After the markup is completed, let's cut out nests (cutouts) for the installation of steps.

All sawn areas should be located strictly parallel to each other, and between the riser and the step there should be an angle of 90 °. To do this, cutouts and corners are carefully and carefully processed with a grinder or rasp.

If a flight of stairs is planned, based on two stringers, then the prepared stringer is laid on the board, and the cutouts are duplicated.

For stairs with steps narrowed at one end and widened at the other (winder steps), stringers will have a different configuration: steps with a wide edge are mounted on the outside, and narrow ones on the inside. Washdowns in such stringers must be carried out according to the size of each step. So, the kosour is ready, we install it in place. It is fixed to the floor and to the beam of the staircase (upper floor).

Making steps

The manufacture of steps for stairs on stringers is a cutting (blank) of rectangular steps from a board with a width of at least 300 mm. The thickness is determined empirically - at least 40 mm.

To obtain a staircase from individual smooth steps, upon completion of work, a protective coating for wood should be applied to the surface of the manufactured elements in at least 3 layers. It is advisable to use a wear-resistant varnish for parquet.

Balusters

Depending on the design, balusters can have a different geometric configuration.

Wooden balusters can be made in three ways:

• turned balusters- the most popular method, which is carried out on a lathe using specialized cutters;
• milled- on the racks of such parts there are cuts in the form of a braid, screw or other decorative elements;
• carved balusters, in other words, poles on which there are thread elements; multi-axis CNC machines are used to create them.

Making wood balusters is a complex process that requires certain skills and equipment. Therefore (it is said above) balusters, handrails and other additions are better to buy ready-made.

Turned

milled

carved

How to install yourself?

After completion of the preparatory work, you can begin to assemble the structure. The installation of the stairs is carried out in a certain order.

We mount the support beam at the place where the beginning of the stairs will be, and to the top floor. To connect the bearing stringers with a bar, you can go in two ways:

• make cuts in the beam;
• make small grooves in the support bar into which the stringers will be inserted.

We proceed to the installation of stringers:

1. at the end of the stairs we install a bar and fix it with steel anchors;
2. we connect the load-bearing elements with a bar on the top floor;
3. tightly press the stringers to the support bar on the floor;
4. fix the beam with anchors.

steps

After the load-bearing beams have been firmly fixed, we proceed to the mounting of the steps. In the manufacture of stairs on stringers, the length of the steps must correspond to the width of the span.

First of all, you need to install the vertical part of the steps - the risers. Separately, it must be said about the methods of attachment. Elements - risers and treads are connected to each other and to stringers by means of screws and special glue.

You can fix the risers and steps in various ways:

• by means of glue and screws flush with the surface;
• connection in a groove using glue;
• metal corners;
• with triangular rails.

It must be said that for greater comfort when lifting, the treads should protrude 2-3 cm forward above the risers.

railing

When climbing or descending stairs, people often lean on the handrails. As a result, the fence must be tightly fixed and withstand a large load.

Installation of the railing begins with preparatory work.

1. At the junction points of the steps with the carrier beam, we mark the places for mounting the balusters. In this case, the side face of the baluster should coincide with the outer end of the step.
2. In the intended place, we drill a hole of the required diameter.
3. We make a small wooden hairpin of round section (dowel). Its diameter should match the width of the hole, and along its length it should look out 1-1.5 cm above the surface of the step.
4. In the upper part, at the base of each of the balusters, we drill holes in accordance with the diameter of the dowel.
5. Installation of balusters made of hardwood is carried out by means of metal pins with a cross section of 6-10 mm and a length of 60-100 mm or dowels made of wood 50-80 mm long and 8 to 14 mm in diameter.

Consider the procedure for installing the fence.

• At the beginning and end of the structure, we install supporting balusters.
• We mount 1-2 intermediate pillars.
• We control the compliance of the angle of elevation (tilt) by applying a railing to the initial posts (if necessary, adjust the height of the posts).
• We insert a dowel into the holes on top to fix the railing.
• We apply glue to the base and recesses of the pillars.

• Balusters are mounted on dowels.
• Apply glue to the top of the post.
• Upon completion of the installation of all vertical elements: balusters, decorative elements, we proceed to the installation of the staircase handrail. To do this, we cut the upper segment of the two extreme pillars at the required angle, attach a rail to them and designate a place for cutting the rest. We saw off all the tops according to the intended level. We press the railing tightly and fasten it to the balusters.
• The final step will be cleaning the finished structure. It is necessary to process the protruding parts with a sandpaper, putty the gaps, clean them from dust and sawdust. Wipe the entire surface of the structure with a damp cloth.

After that, the fence must be allowed to dry well, and then you can start varnishing or painting.

To avoid errors when creating a structure, as well as when installing it in a private wooden, frame house, you must follow the recommendations of professionals.

• In the manufacture of stairs, it is desirable to use a separate room (if possible). In order to assemble the structure as accurately as possible, as well as not harm furniture, household items, it is necessary to determine a separate place where it will be convenient to assemble the future product, control dimensions, and eliminate errors.
• Do not carry out finishing work in the house until the installation of embedded components, basic structural elements. In order not to dismantle the already installed drywall, all kinds of elements, it is necessary to install embedded components in advance in places that are subsequently planned to be faced.

• Take into account the dimensions of the assembly components. If the ladder is not made at the place of its installation, then it is necessary to provide for its movement, delivery to the premises. It is better to divide the structure (make it a team) into such fragments that can fit in the elevator (if the staircase is in a multi-storey building), pass through the doorways.
• Mount ladder securely. The most important factor in installation is rigidity. It is required to carry out well not only the installation of mortgages, but also to connect all the elements of the stairs with each other, if necessary, to perform structural reinforcement.
• Calculate the fastening of elements made of glass. In order for the glass to adhere securely to wood, metal, it is necessary to install gaskets made of silicone, rubber or fluoroplastic bushings - only with the use of seals can glass be bonded to other materials.

When arranging a mid-flight staircase, one of the most important and serious stages that determine its quality is the installation of marches. Their number and type of installation depends on the type of stairs. We will consider the features and requirements for the installation of flights of stairs below.

Requirements for flights of stairs

Marching stairs are of several types:

• single-march;
• two-march;
• multi-march.

The simplest option is the arrangement of a single-flight staircase, they are typical for low buildings. If the number of degrees in the staircase does not reach the mark of sixteen pieces, then the construction of a single-flight staircase will be relevant for it.

Otherwise, it is required to equip a structure consisting of several marches. Its construction will cost more and much more difficult. Multi-flight stairs consist of a certain number of flights, which are separated by special platforms.

There is an order of building codes that apply to the construction of a marching staircase. A march is called a building structure, which is located in a straight oblique line or in a curvilinear way. The minimum number of steps in the arrangement of mid-flight stairs is three pieces, and the maximum is sixteen. If there are more steps, then the construction of a horizontal platform is required.

The central line dividing the span is called the sunrise line, its location should be at least thirty centimeters away from the tread. Therefore, the value of the minimum width of the flight of stairs is sixty centimeters. On such a ladder it is convenient to move only one person. The march requires mandatory fencing with railings located on both sides of the stairs.

The landing of the building is called the horizontal part, which is located in the interval between marches. When calculating its size or shape, one should proceed from the average step length of the average person.

We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the basic requirements for the arrangement of the landing:

• the value of the width of the platform and the stairs must be the same;
• its length is the length of the flight of stairs;
• with a parallel arrangement of marching elements in front of each other, the platform should have a rectangular or rounded shape, with a perpendicular one, its shape will be in the form of a square.

The most common place to install a flight of stairs is a multi-storey building. It is during the arrangement of mid-flight stairs in these places that structures made of concrete or reinforced concrete are most often used. To perform the full range of these works, the intervention of special equipment is required.

Before installing the flight of stairs, it is required to check its high quality. This is done in two ways:

• visual;
• measuring.

With the help of a visual inspection, debris, dirt, cracks, ice are found - all this is eliminated by cleaning. With the help of the measuring method, the compliance of the shape and size of the flight of stairs with geometrically predetermined parameters is checked.

During the installation of flights of stairs, each stage of work is carefully controlled, all the details of the stairs are checked, and the installation of welding and finishing work is completed.

Flights of stairs photo:

According to the requirements laid out in special documents, there are maximum permissible deviations when installing flights of stairs:

• with a horizontal arrangement of steps - 0.2 cm;
• with a horizontal arrangement of sites - 0.5 cm;
• with vertical installation of elements providing fencing - 0.3 cm;
• in the mismatch of the upper row of the roof - 0.5 cm;
• discrepancy between the depth of support of sections of horizontal value - 0.5 mm.

Deviations from the norm in relation to the dimensions of the details of the stairs are more than 0.3 cm in thickness and up to 0.5 cm in length. The presence of cracks, sagging, rust spots, fat accumulations on the details of the stairs is unacceptable.

The construction of stair structures begins to be carried out after the spans are filled with concrete slabs. Fixation of the flight of stairs is carried out using cement mortar, the thickness of which does not exceed three centimeters. The solution must be of high quality and freshly prepared.

Calculation of a flight of stairs: features of carrying out

The calculation of stair flights of dimensions is carried out taking into account the load on the supporting structures, which are the consoles. Since the ladder is exposed to dynamic loads almost daily, the rigidity of the load-bearing elements must be of high quality. The value of their deflection should not exceed four hundredth of one span. To calculate the load on the stair consoles, the own weight of the structure should be added to the live loads, for a residential building this value is three hundred kilograms per square meter.

Keep in mind that a person uses several times more energy to climb stairs than when moving along a horizontal straight line. Experts say that for the correct calculation of a comfortable and, most importantly, safe staircase, you need to double the height of the riser, add the width of the step to it, this value will show the average step of a person. If we take into account the length of the step on the treads, then it is 60-64 cm. Therefore, to determine the tread and rise, this formula should be used: 2 * A + B \u003d 60-64 cm.

In addition, there is an alternative version of the above formula: A + B \u003d 460, in which A is the height of the tread, and B is its width.

When calculating the width of the tread, it should be assumed that the leg should rest completely on it, which means it should be at least 20 cm and maximum - 32 cm. The best option is the riser height of 15 cm and the step width of 30 cm. If the width of the tread is quite large, then when climbing the stairs, a person will constantly go astray, otherwise, with a minimum width of the tread, the descent from the stairs will be steep, which will lead to injury to people who use it for its intended purpose.

The scheme of the flight of stairs is based on the fact that when calculating the angle of inclination of the flight of stairs, one should take into account the factor that the best options are values ​​​​from 24 to 38 degrees. The space in the room that it occupies depends on the angle of inclination of the stairs. If there is an angle of inclination that is less than twenty-four degrees, it is recommended to install a ramp - a flat platform for descent. If the angle of inclination is more than forty-five degrees, then the ladder is built folding or attached.

The most difficult process when arranging stairs with a steep angle is to ensure a safe descent. If the angle of inclination of the ladder is more than forty-five degrees, then to ensure safety, the launch on it is carried out only facing backwards.

When calculating the number of steps, factors such as the height of the floor and the angle of inclination should be taken into account. When determining the exact location of the stairs and the height of the room, it is possible to independently determine the number of steps. To do this, you need to draw a drawing of a flight of stairs, in which the staircase and its main components will be drawn up to a millimeter. The flight of stairs is drawn in relation to the height of the flight of stairs.

The floor height value indicates the distance between the height marks of the finished floors on the first and second floors. For example, when finishing the floor of the first floor with laminates, and the second with tiles, all layers of the finish, including the concrete screed, should be taken into account. The standard height of one floor is 280 cm, sometimes 300, 270 or 330 cm. In this case, the ceiling height in the room will be 240 cm. With this height, it is possible to install a staircase in which the steps meet all safety standards. If there is a different height of the flight of stairs, the height of the steps should be calculated very carefully, while taking into account the size of the riser. If there are small errors in the calculations, then it is better to distribute them between the first steps, and leave the size of the remaining steps the same.

When arranging steps of different heights, the staircase becomes traumatic. If there is a non-standard height of the flight of stairs, you need to take care of lowering the level of the subfloor of the first and second floors. To equalize the difference between the floor in the house and the landing, the level of the finished floor should be made below the level of the landing. In this case, the threshold will be absent, and the floor will be equipped in an inclined way.

The device of the flight of stairs

During the construction of multi-storey buildings, flights of stairs are one of the main components that provide vertical communication between floors. Their installation is a rather laborious process that requires special care and attention.

There are three options for the location of the march:

• straightforward;
• curvilinear;
• oblique way.

To easily remove moisture from the stairs, the lower edge of the flight of stairs must be higher than the first.

In addition, there are several forms of landings, which are:

• tetrahedral;
• multifaceted;
• curvilinear shape.

Installation work on the arrangement of the flight of stairs begins with the reinforcement of surfaces, this process will help protect the stairs from heavy loads. Since the flight of stairs is influenced by many factors: gravity from its own mass, people and things that move along it, reinforcement is a mandatory process. Reinforcement of a single-flight staircase is carried out in its lower part, and two-flight structures require reinforcement both from above and below, while the upper reinforced section smoothly passes from the landing to the surface of the steps. Due to the susceptibility of stairs to high loads, they need to be reinforced in a concrete wall.

The installation of flights of stairs itself begins after the level masonry is performed. the first span and the platform are installed in the presence of internal masonry of the wall, and the following masonry is already carried out floor by floor.

Landing installation

The main stages of work on the installation of the landing:

• implementation of work on marking the installation site of the site;
• application of concrete solution on the surface of persistent places;
• direct site installation.

To check the horizontal position of the landing, a building level is used. To check the interval between the sites, the manufacture of a special wooden template is required, according to which the check is carried out. The spans on the interfloor ceilings are installed in the same way as the platforms. The installation of the flight of stairs begins with its laying first on the lower section, and then on the upper one. Scrap helps to eliminate minor flaws that arise during the installation process.

Installation of prefabricated flights of stairs

Since making flights of stairs with your own hands is an almost impossible procedure, in the absence of a special tool and skills to work with it, it is better to resort to buying a prefabricated structure. In this case, consider the option with a staircase made of reinforced concrete.

This type of flight stairs is absolutely fireproof and is installed on stairwells. Their installation is carried out with the help of cranes, since it is impossible for people to lift such a weight.

The most common version of the flight of stairs is its one-to-two slope; such stairs are the basis of almost any multi-storey building. At the same time, there are prefabricated structures with a slope of one to one and a half, they are relevant for cottages or private houses.

There are several types of such marches:

• flat shape, on which there are no frieze steps, but there is a ribbed surface;
• ribbed type with the presence of one or two half-platforms.

Their main difference is that the first option uses a reinforced flat pipe as reinforcement, while the second option uses a reinforced beam or stringer.

Each flight of stairs involves the individual production of its own landing. There are two types of execution of flights of stairs and platforms:

• left-sided;
• right-sided.

Before starting construction work, you should carefully calculate the size of the flight of stairs and the landing. Since their installation is carried out in accordance with the working drawing of the project, which clearly indicates the elevation marks, horizontal dimensions and installation clearances.

Stairs, in this case, are installed during the construction of walls. Before starting installation work, it is required to check the flight of stairs and the platform using a tape measure. Next comes the manufacture of their wooden template, which is identical to the natural version, it copies the supporting components of the stairs.

Next, the installation site of the site is marked on the wall, the solution is applied and it is installed. The next process is to check the evenness of the installed site. If the platform is installed incorrectly, then a crowbar or correction with a crane is used to correct it.

If the site does not comply with the pre-calculations, the installation of the flight of stairs will end with its failure or location in a crooked position. To check the accuracy of the site installation, it is recommended to use a template made of wood.

The supply of flights of stairs is carried out with the help of a crane, which in the process of lifting makes it slightly inclined. If there are no mounting loops on the march, then a fork is used.

Before the installation of flights of stairs, a bed is made on the basis of a cement-sand mixture. It is located in the places of reference, the application is carried out manually, with the help of trowels.

To install a flight of stairs, a minimum of three people are required, one of whom stands on the lower platform, and the second on the upper one. The third - acts as a driver. As the flight of stairs moves, the person on top takes it first. 35-40 cm before landing, the march should be pressed tightly against the wall and sent to the stairwell. First, the lower part of the march is installed, and then the upper one. With the help of a crowbar, minor flaws are corrected and the march is uncoupled from the crane. The seams between the marches and landings are covered with a monolithic mortar. When installing the march in the opposite position, first the top and then the bottom, it will fall off the site.

When carrying out work in low-rise buildings in the form of cottages, the arrangement of reinforced concrete stairs takes place in open stairwells. To save space, it is possible that there is no landing. In this case, the stairs ascend and descend directly from the concrete floor. The flight of stairs rests on the surface of a bearing lintel or reinforced concrete beam. In no case is it allowed to rest the floor slab on the surface of the slabs. The installation height of the jumpers depends on the total thickness of the floor covering to be installed.

The standard appearance of marches implies the presence of smooth reinforced concrete steps, which are further finished with marble or granite treads. They come with the stairs. Staircases are also trimmed with this material. Please note that the tread is taken into account when calculating the height of the finished floor. When organizing the entrance to the building through the staircase, the first intermediate platform requires the organization of a basement march, numbering from three to six steps. In such cases, structures consisting of reinforced concrete steps are used.

INSTALLATION OF STAIRWAYS AND MARCHES

Tools, fixtures, inventory: mounting belt (2 pcs.), platform for the welder and fitter (2 pcs.), Ladder for climbing to the next floor, steel assembly scrap (2 pcs.), four-legged sling with two shortened branches, mortar shovel , a metal brush, a box with a hand tool, a metal meter (2 pcs.), a container container with a solution, a trowel (2 pcs.), a bucket of water, a broom, a metal brush, a ladder to climb to the next floor, a template for leveling the site , universal load gripping device, wooden lath 2 m long.

Scheme of organization of the workplace during the installation of landings

and flights of stairs:

1 - assembly scrap, 2 - a box with a hand tool, 3 - a platform for a welder and an installer, 4 - a mortar shovel, 5 - a container box with a solution, 6 - flights of stairs, 7 - a template for aligning the site, 8 - a ladder for lifting to the next floor, 9 - mounting platform

Preparation of the element for installation (Fig. 1)

Rigger

1. Approaches the structure in the warehouse and inspects it, checking the condition of the cladding, mounting loops and embedded parts.

2. If necessary, clean its surface with a metal brush.

3. Gives a signal to the crane operator to apply the load gripping device 2 to the structure.

4. Alternately leads the hooks of the slings 2 into the mounting loops and allows you to tighten the slings.

5. After checking the correctness of the slinging, departs to a safe area.

6. Gives a command to the crane driver to lift structure 1 by 200...300 mm from the surface.

7. Approaches the suspended element, once again checks the reliability of the slings and gives permission to deliver the structure to the installation site.

Preparation of the landing site,

site installation (Fig.

Installers 1st, 2nd

1. Lay out the tool, inventory and fixtures.

2. Then the platforms for the welder and installer 4 are rolled up to the installation site of the landing on the wall and climbed onto them (Fig. 2).

Rice. 1. Platform lifting scheme:

1 - platform, 2 - universal load gripping device, 3 - rigger

3. Metal meters mark the installation site of the structure. one

4. The 1st installer checks the accuracy of the site installation according to the marking and, in case of deviations, gives the command to the 2nd installer to move it in the right direction.

5. The 2nd installer moves the platform to the required distance with a crowbar.

6. Then he takes the template and rises to the previously installed platform, which is below the one being installed (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Scheme of alignment of the landing:

1 - lower platform, 2 - 2nd installer, 3 - template for aligning the platform,

4 - 1st installer, 5 - mounting platform

7. The 1st installer climbs the ladder to the platform to be mounted.

8. The 2nd installer gives the 1st installer one end of the template 3.

9. Installers simultaneously apply the template to the platforms at two points: to the platform adjacent to the support points on the wall panels and in the middle of the platform.

Rice. 5. Scheme of bridging the landing:

1 - 2nd installer, 2 - stairs to the upper floor, 3 - sling,

4 - 1st installer, 5 - platform

10. In case of deviations, the 1st installer moves the platform in the right direction with a crowbar.

11. Installers check the position of the platform again with the template.

12. The 1st installer gives a signal to the crane driver to loosen the slings 3 (Fig. 5).

13. The 2nd installer climbs to the installed platform and removes the hooks of the sling from the mounting loops of the structure.

14. The 1st installer allows the crane operator to lift the slings and take them aside.

15. The 2nd installer, while lifting the slings, makes sure that his hooks do not catch on the loops and projections of the structure.

Preparation of the installation site of the flight of stairs (Fig. 6),

Installers 1st, 2nd

1. The 2nd installer with a shovel delivers the solution from the container box to the place of support of the upper and lower ends of the flight of stairs.

2. The 1st installer using a trowel 2 levels the mortar in an even layer on the upper platform.

3. Then level the solution on the bottom platform.

Installation of a flight of stairs (Fig. 7... 9)

Installers 1st, 2nd

1. The 1st installer, being on the upper landing, gives a signal to the crane operator to move the flight of stairs 3 to the installation site (Fig. 7).

2. Then he takes the march at a height of 200 ... 300 mm from the level of the upper platform (relative to his end of the march) and orients in the right direction.

3. After giving permission to the crane operator to continue lowering the structure, keeping it from swinging.

4. When the element is lowered to a height of 300 ... 400 mm from the level of the lower platform, it gives the crane operator a signal to stop lowering.

5. Installers press the march against the wall panel, the 1st installer gives a signal to the crane operator to slowly lower it.

6. First, the 2nd installer lays the lower end of the march on the mortar bed, and then the 1st installer - the upper one.

7. Installers determine the accuracy of the installation by leaning a wooden rail against the surface of the site and one step of the march. A metal ruler measures the gap between the bottom of the rail and the plane of the installed structures. If the gap does not exceed 5 mm, then the installation is considered complete. As you acquire the skill to determine the accuracy of the installation visually, the need for a rail disappears.

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Fig.7. Ladder flight installation diagram:

1 - 2nd installer, 2 - four-leg sling with two shortened branches, 3 - installed flight of stairs, 4 - 1st installer

Fig.8. Scheme of alignment of the flight of stairs

1.5 - assembly crowbar, 2 - 2nd installer, 3 - flight of stairs, 4 - 1st installer

8. If there are large deviations, the installers correct the position of the march with assembly crowbars and re-check (Fig. 8).

9. The 1st installer gives a signal to the crane operator to loosen the slings (Fig. 9).

10. Installers release the hooks of the sling from the mounting loops.

11. The 1st installer allows the crane operator to lift the slings.

12. The 2nd installer holds the slings during lifting.

Fig. 9. Scheme of bridging the flight of stairs

1 - 2nd installer, 2 - 1st installer

Electronic text of the document

prepared by CJSC "Kodeks" and verified according to

materials provided (VITU)