A misdiagnosis or an unsuccessful operation is often the cause of death. This trouble does not bypass the most famous people. In such cases, especially often there is a suspicion that it was not a mistake at all, but someone's malicious intent, carefully disguised as the actions of doctors.
Frunze
A prominent Red Army commander of the Civil War, Mikhail Vasilievich Frunze, who became chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic and People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs in 1925, often suffered from severe abdominal pain even before the revolution. In 1924, he started bleeding from the intestines. Doctors diagnosed him with a duodenal ulcer. Attacks of pain began to chain the 40-year-old Frunze to a hospital bed for a long time. Doctors' opinions were divided. The party leadership, represented primarily by Stalin, supported the idea of an immediate operation. On October 29, 1925, Frunze, who, according to him, felt satisfactorily at that moment, agreed to go under the knife.
The official version was that Frunze died of general sepsis during the operation. This in itself indicated the carelessness of the surgeons who cut him. But there is evidence that doctors have made worse mistakes (and not necessarily unintentional ones). According to one version, general ether anesthesia had little effect on Frunze - the patient did not fall asleep. And then he added chloroform. The combination of both drugs caused severe intoxication. Moreover, at that time, doctors already knew about such an effect of ether and chloroform.
According to another version, the diagnosis was not confirmed during the operation. Surgeons, in order to find out the causes of Frunze's pain, slashed his entire abdominal cavity, and the people's commissar's heart could not stand it. It is possible that there was a combination of all these causes.
bitter
The Soviet authorities did their best to ensure that the “great proletarian writer” Maxim Gorky would return forever from emigration to the USSR, and in 1932 she finally succeeded. Having written a number of works in which the Stalin regime was sung, the 68-year-old "petrel" died in 1936, officially - from complications in the lungs caused by the flu. The writer had been ill with chronic tuberculosis for a long time, in addition, he smoked up to four packs of cigarettes a day.
However, in 1937, the arrested former People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Genrikh Yagoda testified that he had organized the poisoning of Gorky. In the same year, Gorky's long-term personal secretary, lawyer Pyotr Kryuchkov, was arrested. In March 1938, both of them, as well as doctors Lev Levin, Ignaty Kazakov and Dmitry Pletnev, along with a number of other former high-ranking figures, were accused at the "third Moscow trial" and were soon shot. Among other things, Kryuchkov and the doctors were accused of killing Gorky under the guise of treatment.
Of course, the cost of "evidence" of such accusations under Stalin is well known. Nevertheless, it is difficult to explain the fact that twice during the course of the illness there were periods lasting two or three days when Gorky's health improved radically. The autopsy report indicated that the writer's lungs were in a terrible state, but it is known that he did not die from asphyxiation. The strange circumstances of his death gave rise to the version after 1956 that he was killed on Stalin's orders (although the motives are completely incomprehensible). How and from what Gorky was treated in the last days of his life remains not completely clear.
Zhdanov
On August 28, 1948, Andrei Alexandrovich Zhdanov, a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, suffered a heart attack. Nurse Lydia Timashuk, who deciphered his ECG, diagnosed myocardial infarction. However, the head of the Kremlin Medical and Sanitary Department, Professor Pyotr Yegorov, and Stalin's attending physician, Vladimir Vinogradov, rejected this diagnosis and forced Timashuk to rewrite the conclusion. Three days later, Zhdanov died in the Valdai sanatorium, where he was sent for treatment.
After that, Timashuk decided to write a denunciation letter. However, the ranks of the State Security sent him to Timashuk's immediate superiors, that is, Yegorov. As a result, Timashuk was demoted. Only four years later, the MGB became interested in that case. It served as the basis for the promotion of the "case of doctors."
Now there is no doubt that Zhdanov had a heart attack, and the incorrect diagnosis of the doctors and the incorrectly prescribed treatment hastened his death. To prove that the error was intentional (or vice versa) is now hardly possible.
Korolev
The general designer of Soviet missiles, Academician Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, died at the age of 59, on January 14, 1966, on the operating table. Back in the 60s, Korolev began to experience heart problems. It is interesting that Vinogradov, mentioned above, was his attending physician. The treatment did not bring improvement. However, the chief designer fell under the knife because of another problem - he had intestinal bleeding. Analyzes showed the presence of polyps in the rectum.
The Minister of Health of the USSR Professor Boris Petrovsky himself undertook to operate Korolev. Some consider this the first fatal step, since by that time Petrovsky had already lost the habit of doing operations with his own hands. Removal of polyps did not stop bleeding. The doctors decided to cut further, discovered rectal sarcoma and resected it. Half an hour after the withdrawal from anesthesia, Korolev's heart stopped.
The cause of death was heart failure. Surprising is the determination with which the doctors immediately subjected Korolev to a much more difficult operation than planned, having no confidence that his body could withstand it. After all, they knew about his heart problems. However, before the operation, the chief designer was not even given an elementary ECG.
Landau
The great Soviet physicist, winner of a number of international awards and full member of many foreign scientific societies, academician Lev Davidovich Landau (1908-1968) got into a car accident in 1962 and was in a coma for two months. Through the efforts of the best Soviet and foreign doctors, he was brought back to life. At the end of the same year, Landau received the world's highest recognition of scientific merit - the Nobel Prize. However, the doctors had great doubts about whether he would be able to continue working.
In 1968, there were signs of restoration of normal brain activity of the academician. But due to the resulting intestinal obstruction, Landau was scheduled for an urgent operation to remove adhesions. After the operation, Landau lived for another eight days and died - according to the official version - from arterial thrombosis. The widow of the academician had doubts about her even then.
Professor Boris Gorobets, based on the testimonies of doctors and Landau's relatives, came to the conclusion that the scientist died from general sepsis and tissue necrosis resulting from surgical intervention. During the entire postoperative time, this sepsis was not diagnosed, as doctors paid more attention to the onset of postoperative pneumonia and thrombophlebitis. Thus, we are again dealing with the lack of sterility during the operation.
On December 30, 1922, at the First All-Union Congress of Soviets, the heads of delegations signed the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR. Initially, only 4 union republics were part of the USSR: the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR, the Transcaucasian SFSR, and at the time of the collapse of the Union in 1991, there were 15 union republics. Today, the truth of the achievements of this country seems debatable to many, given the price for these achievements I had to pay, but it is impossible to deny the fact that the era of the USSR became a time of global changes in all sectors of the country's life. Today, about the achievements of a great country and about what its citizens preferred not to talk about.
1920 - 1930s: electrification of the whole country and great construction projects
The main achievement of the Land of Soviets in the 1920s was the electrification of the country, the fight against homelessness and the elimination of illiteracy. For all Soviet citizens, medical care and education became free. A children's health camp "Artek" has opened in Crimea.
The 1930s went down in history as a time of great construction projects: the White Sea-Baltic Canal was built in record time, and units at the DneproGES were put into operation. The country has embarked on a course of industrialization. Developments of domestic scientists related to agriculture - combating drought, mechanization, chemicalization and increasing productivity have gained scope. A new direction of science begins to develop - nuclear physics.
It was during these years that the first Soviet films “Battleship Potemkin” by Sergei Eisenstein, “Circus” and “Merry Fellows” by Grigory Alexandrov were shot, Sholokhov wrote his novel “Quiet Flows the Don”, for which he later received the Nobel Prize in Literature.
1920s - 1930s: the time of repression
The Bolsheviks began repressions against political opponents immediately after the October Revolution. But they continued into the 1930s. At that time, the fight against "wrecking", sabotage, political crimes, most of the cases in which were falsified, and the fight against the kulaks were widespread. In the period from August 1937 to November 1938 alone, 390,000 people were executed and 380,000 sent to the Gulags. This time went down in history as a time of repression against ethnic minorities, in particular Germans, Latvians, Poles, Romanians and Bulgarians.
The symbol of a happy childhood in the USSR is a smiling girl in the arms of Joseph Stalin. This is 6-year-old Gelya Markizova, who came to the Kremlin with her father, one of the leaders of the delegation from Buryat-Mongolia.
True, then no one could have imagined that in a year the girl would have to change her last name, and propaganda would give her face to the most famous pioneer of the country, Mamlakat Nakhangova. And all because Geli's father was called a spy for Japanese intelligence and shot, and she naturally became the daughter of an enemy of the people.
1940 - 1950s: victory over fascism and debunking the cult of personality
The 1940s were marked by a terrible war, a victory over fascism and the beginning of the restoration of the country. At this time, the best works of the Stalinist Empire were built in Moscow: a complex of high-rise buildings in different parts of the capital, called "7 Sisters" and new stations of the capital's metro. It was at this time that the Cold War and the arms race between the West and the USSR began. This prompted the creation of the best examples of Soviet military equipment.
On March 8, 1950, the USSR officially announced the presence of the atomic bomb, ending the American monopoly on the world's most destructive weapons. In 1953, the USSR also announced the successful test of a hydrogen bomb. In the period from 1954 to 1960, the virgin lands of Kazakhstan, the Urals, the Volga region, Siberia and the Far East were developed. In 1957, the Lenin nuclear icebreaker was launched. It was at this time that for the first time since 1908, Soviet scientists received several Nobel Prizes.
In 1956, Nikita Khrushchev spoke at the XX Congress of the CPSU with a report "On the cult of personality and its consequences", in which he debunked the cult of personality of the late "father of peoples". In 1961 Stalin's body was removed from the Mausoleum. Mass renaming began: Stalingrad became Volgograd, the capital of the Tajik SSR Stalinabad was renamed Dushanbe. Monuments to Stalin were dismantled everywhere, and many feature films were censored in order to get rid of the "obtrusive image".
During these years, the glory of Russian ballet thunders all over the planet, and one of the most significant events in cultural life is the tour of the Bolshoi Theater.
In 1958, the film "The Cranes Are Flying" by Mikhail Kalatozov received the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. And in the same year, Boris Pasternak was awarded for the novel Doctor Zhivago. True, the poet was forced to refuse the prize, and the novel was never published in the USSR.
1950s: the time of silence of failures
They preferred not to tell Soviet citizens about failures. So back in 1957, long before the Chernobyl accident, there was a larger-scale catastrophe associated with the proliferation of nuclear substances. The accident in Kyshtymsk left 11 thousand people homeless, about 270 thousand people were exposed to radioactive effects. For the first time, the tragedy was mentioned only in 1960, and its consequences became known only in the early 2000s.1960s - 1970s: leadership in space and hockey
The 1960s for the USSR became the time of leadership in the world of space technologies, which began with the flight into space of the first man, Yuri Gagarin. Even the spiteful critics of the USSR called this event "a genuine achievement of the Soviet era."
The 1960s are also the years of world recognition of the culture of the country of the Soviets. Mikhail Sholokhov receives the Nobel Prize in Literature. Violinist David Oistrakh not only collects concert halls around the world, but also becomes a member of the American Academy of Sciences and Arts in Boston, an honorary member of the National Academy of Santa Cecilia in Rome, a corresponding member of the Academy of Arts in Berlin, the Beethoven Society, the Swedish Academy of Music in Stockholm, an honorary doctor of music from the University of Cambridge and a holder of orders from a number of European countries. The names of Irina Arkhipova, Elena Obraztsova, Galina Vishnevskaya, Maya Plisetskaya, Tamara Sinyavskaya, Rudolf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova and Mikhail Baryshnikov are thundering on the world opera stage. Andrei Tarkovsky's film "Ivan's Childhood" at the Venice Film Festival receives the "Golden Lion".
In the period from 1970 to 1973, the world's first soft landings on Venus by the Soviet space stations Venera-7, Venera-8, Venera-9 and Venera-10 take place. The main Komsomol construction of the country begins - the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM). The 1970s were also a triumph for Soviet hockey.
In 1977, the right of citizens of the USSR to free education at all levels (from primary to higher) was secured by the 45th article of the Constitution.
1960s - 1970s: environmental disasters and the era of stagnation
Someone considers the Brezhnev era the "golden age", writing down factories built, growth statistics, factories built, brilliant films and other unsurpassed achievements at the expense of this time. The accusers of "stagnation" ascertain the failures in the supply of the population, the shortage of goods, the poor quality of products and the devastating environmental consequences of economic activity.
In particular, in the 1960s, due to irrigation, the Aral Sea, which at that time was the fourth largest lake in the world, began to dry up. From 1960 to 2007, its surface area of this reservoir decreased from 68.90 thousand km2. sq. up to 14.1 thousand km. sq.
The year 1977 was remembered by the citizens of the USSR for a series of terrorist attacks in Moscow. There were three explosions: in a Moscow metro car between the Izmailovskaya and Pervomaiskaya stations, in the trading floor of a grocery store on Bolshaya Lubyanka, and near a grocery store on Nikolskaya. As a result, 7 people died and 37 were injured. The main organizer and leader of the attacks was Stepan Zatikyan, an Armenian nationalist who was eager to "punish the Russians for the oppression of the Armenian people." Soviet dissidents, in particular A. D. Sakharov, opposed the death sentence imposed on him.
The period of the 1980s began with the Moscow Olympics. In 1981, the film "Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears" by Vladimir Menshov received an Oscar. It is known that later, Ronald Reagan, preparing for a meeting with Mikhail Gorbachev, watched this film 8 times, trying to "understand the mysterious Russian soul."
In the late 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev entered the political arena. The spirit of freedom, perestroika and glasnost begins to soar in the country. Few could have imagined that the country had reached the finish line of its existence. On November 15, 1988, the Soviet spacecraft of the Buran reusable space transport system made its first and only flight, perhaps ending the era of achievements of the USSR.
Adjubey Alexey Ivanovich
Alexey Ivanovich Adzhubey (1924-1993) - an outstanding journalist of the short period of the "Khrushchev thaw". This name arose in the firmament of domestic journalism half a century ago and soon became widely known in our country - the editor-in-chief of Komsomolskaya Pravda, and then Izvestia, which began to appear in millions of copies under him. Public interest in A. I. Adzhubey was fueled by this. that he was the son-in-law of N. S. Khrushchev. This fact of the biography, which contributed to the ascent of the young talented journalist to the newspaper Olympus, subsequently played a fatal role in his fate: in October 1964, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU removed Khrushchev from all posts and at the same time Adjubey was removed from the post of editor-in-chief of the Izvestia newspaper.
Chingiz Aitmatov was born on December 12, 1928 in the village of Sheker (Kyrgyzstan). Under the influence of the family, the future writer from childhood became familiar with Russian culture, the Russian language and literature. In 1937, his father, who held a leading position, was repressed, and Chingiz had to face the real life of the people: his work experience began at the age of ten, and from the age of fourteen he had to work as a secretary of the village council (this was the time of the Patriotic War, and adult men were on front), solving the most complex issues of life in a large village. After graduating from eight classes, he entered the Dzhambul Zootechnical School, from which he graduated with honors, and was admitted without exams to the Agricultural Institute. In his student years, he wrote small notes, articles, essays, publishing them in newspapers. After graduation, he worked as a livestock specialist, continuing to write.
In 1956 he came to study in Moscow at the Higher Literary Courses, which gave him a lot. Returning to Kyrgyzstan, he became the editor of the journal "Literary Kyrgyzstan", for five years he was his own correspondent for the newspaper "Pravda" in Kyrgyzstan. The novel "Jamilya" (1958), later included in the book "The Tale of the Mountains and Steppes" (Lenin Prize, 1963), brought wide fame to the young writer. In 1961, the story "My Poplar in a Red Scarf" was published. This was followed by the stories "The First Teacher" (1962), "Mother's Field" (1965), "Farewell, Gulsary!" (1966), "White steamboat" (1970) and others. The first novel written by Aitmatov is "And the day lasts longer than a century" ("Stormy Station", 1980). In 1988, the famous novel "The Scaffold" was published. Ch. Aitmatov was also able to make a diplomatic career: he was the USSR ambassador to Luxembourg. Currently, he is the Ambassador of Kyrgyzstan to Belgium, while not leaving literary activity (the novel "Cassandra's Brand", 1994).
Surgeon, writer, thinker-publicist. Amosov Nikolai Mikhailovich [b. 6 (19). 12.1913], Soviet surgeon, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1961), Honored Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1939 he graduated from the Arkhangelsk Medical Institute. Since 1952, the head of the clinic of thoracic surgery of the Ukrainian Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Thoracic Surgery. F. G. Yanovsky. In 1954 he created and headed the Department of Thoracic Surgery at the Kiev Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education. Works A. devoted to the surgical treatment of diseases of the lungs, heart, blood vessels, medical cybernetics. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 6th-7th convocations. Lenin Prize (1961). Awarded the Order of Lenin, 3 other orders and medals.
Author of several fiction works (for example, the story "Thoughts and Heart", 1965: in 1969, the film "Degree of Risk" was released based on this story).
People's Artist of the USSR, Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes. Irina Konstantinovna Arkhipova is an outstanding Russian singer (mezzosoprano). "Queen of Russian Opera". One of the brightest Russian names on the world opera stage of the second half of the 20th century. Architect by education. In Moscow, there are buildings built according to her designs. She began to get involved in singing during her studies at the Architectural Institute. Already working as an architect, she graduated from the Moscow Conservatory. She performed the leading repertoire at the Opera and Ballet Theater in Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg). Two years after the Sverdlovsk debut, she was invited to the Bolshoi Theater and made her debut on its stage in the part of Carmen, which became a landmark for the singer. In 1959, Arkhipova performed the part of Carmen in a duet with the outstanding Italian tenor Mario del Monaco in a performance by the Bolshoi Theatre, after which she was invited by the Italian singer to stage the opera Carmen in Rome and Naples. The triumph of these performances marked the beginning of her brilliant international career. Irina Arkhipova is recognized as the best Carmen in the world. Four and a half decades of Irina Konstantinovna's creative performing career included performances in the entire leading mezzo-soprano repertoire at the Bolshoi Theater and other theaters in Russia, as well as on the world's leading stages - La Scala and Covent Garden, the Metropolitan Opera and Colon. She is an outstanding chamber singer with a huge repertoire of classical romances and song cycles. For more than three decades, Irina Konstantinovna Arkhipova has been engaged in the professional development of young Russian singers. He is the chairman of the jury of the All-Russian and International Vocal Competitions. Glinka. Thanks to a coherent system for identifying and educating vocal talents, the prestige of Russia as a vocal power has been increased. President of the International Union of Musical Figures. President of the Irina Arkhipova Foundation. The organizer of numerous festivals, including "Irina Arkhipova Presents", musical drawing rooms, etc. She received all the highest awards and titles of the USSR and Russia. Listed in the Russian book of records as the most titled Russian singer.
Title: Academician.
Elected: 09/27/1943.
Specialization: economics
Born on December 1, 1903, the village of Teploe Chernskogo Tula lips. Died September 30, 1950, Moscow. Economist, party and statesman. Academician in the Department of Economics and Law (Economics) since September 27, 1943.
Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin 1934-1968. Test pilot. The first in the world to circle the globe on the spacecraft "Vostok" 04/12/1961 Cosmonaut No. 1.
(b. 1923) Avar poet, People's Poet of Dagestan (1959), Hero of Socialist Labor (1974). Son of G. Tsadasa. Poetry collections "The Year of My Birth" (1950; State Prize of the USSR, 1952), "High Stars" (1962; Lenin Prize, 1963), "Letters" (1963), "Rosary of Years" (1968), "At the Hearth" ( 1978), "Island of Women" (1983), "Wheel of Life" (1987), lyrical story "My Dagestan" (books 1-2, 1967-71). Gamzatov's poetry is distinguished by civic consciousness, lyricism, a penchant for philosophy and aphorism, and national folklore flavor.
Gorkin Alexander Fedorovich (August 24, 1897, the village of Ramenki, Tver province - 1988), statesman, Hero of Socialist Labor (1967). The son of a peasant. In 1916 he joined the RSDLP, a Bolshevik. From Aug. 1917 to June 1919 Secretary of the Tver City Council, Chairman of the Provincial Executive Committee. In 1919-20 he served in the Red Army. Since 1921, an employee of the Tver Provincial Committee. Kirghiz regional committee, Central Volga regional committee of the party, apparatus of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1934-37 he was the 1st secretary of the Orenburg Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. From 1937 secretary of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, from 1938 - the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1937-74 he was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1939-52 he was a candidate member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In 1952-76 he was a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. After the death of I.V. Stalin in 1953 was removed from the post of secretary of the Presidium, but in 1956 he returned to his post again. In 1957-72 before. Supreme Court of the USSR, in 1959-61 at the same time before. CRC. Participated in the campaign for the rehabilitation of victims of the cult of personality, although the bulk of the cases took place in 1954-56, i.e. prior to his appointment. court. In 1972 he retired.
Russian designer, doctor of technical sciences (1971), colonel (1969), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1958, 1976). Created AK and AKM assault rifles, RPK, PK, PKT machine guns, etc. Lenin Prize (1964), State Prize of the USSR (1949). Major General (1994).
Kalinin Mikhail Ivanovich, Soviet state. and part. activist, Hero Socialist. Labor (1944). Entered the nearest polit. entourage of I. V. Stalin; actually sanctioned the mass repressions of the 1930s and 40s. He graduated in 1889 villages. school. From 1896 he worked as a turner at the Putilov factory. Member communist. parties since 1898. He was a member of St. Petersburg. "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class", was an agent of Iskra. He was repeatedly arrested, imprisoned, exiled. Participant 3 grew up. roar-tion. During the years of the Civil During the war, he led the propaganda and instructor train “October Revolution”, which made 12 trips to the center. regions of Russia, Ukraine, Sev. Caucasus, Ural, Siberia and almost all fronts. Member since 1926 Party Politburo. From March 1919 pres. VTsIK. From 30 Dec. 1922 preds. Central Executive Committee of the USSR, from 1938 to March 1946 chairman. Presidium Top. Council of the USSR. First time visiting Chel. in Nov. 1920. On the morning of 18 Nov. train "October Revolution" arrived in Chel. After a short rally at the station, K. held a meeting in the provincial party committee dedicated to. fight against destruction. He delivered greetings. speech to conscripts and school graduates kr. military commanders. parade on the square Revolutions. In the evening, he took part in a rally on the railway. node, spoke at a meeting of the 2nd District Congress of Soviets in the People's House with a report on strengthening the Soviets. power in the country and its priorities. On the trail. day K. visited Chel. coal mines, spoke at a rally in the circus with a report on the international. position. In addition to speaking at rallies, K. considered complaints from citizens and took decisions on them. During the 2nd visit June 1, 1933 K. attended the celebrations. start-up ChTZ, got acquainted with the work of the main. workshops. In the afternoon he spoke at the celebrations. rally at the factory square. On the trail. day addressed with a speech to drummers and tech. plant personnel. On the same day, he visited the ferroalloy plant, ChGRES, the plant named after. Kolyushchenko.
(01/28/02/10/1911-1978), Russian mathematician and mechanic. He owns a large number of fundamental research in the field of mathematics, aerohydrodynamics, and the theory of vibrations. He made an outstanding contribution to the development of a number of important issues in aviation, atomic and space technology, which placed him among the world's most prominent scientists.
(1902/03-1960), Russian physicist, organizer and leader of work on atomic science and technology in the USSR, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1943), three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1949, 1951, 1954). Researched ferroelectrics. Together with his collaborators, he discovered nuclear isomerism. Under the leadership of Kurchatov, the first domestic cyclotron was built (1939), spontaneous fission of uranium nuclei was discovered (1940), mine protection for ships was developed, the first nuclear reactor in Europe (1946), the first atomic bomb in the USSR (1949), the world's first thermonuclear bomb ( 1953) and NPP (1954). Founder and first director of the Institute of Atomic Energy (since 1943, since 1960 - named after Kurchatov). Lenin Prize (1957), State Prize of the USSR (1942, 1949, 1951, 1954).
Lysenko Trofim Denisovich (1898, village of Karlovka, Poltava province - 1976, Moscow) - agronomist. Genus. in a peasant family. After graduating from the school of horticulture and the Kiev two-year courses on breeding, Lysenko worked at a breeding station and studied at the Kiev agricultural. institute, which he graduated in 1925. He worked as a breeder in Azerbaijan, then in Odessa. Having moved to Moscow, Lysenko put forward a doctrine, understandable to any ignoramus, about heredity, variability and speciation, which he called "Michurin's". He promised to create miracle varieties, to increase the yield of all crops in a short time by methods that practically did not require costs, which won him great popularity. Thus, in 1929, Lysenko reported that he knew how to increase grain production (vernalization) by means of the action of cold on germinating wheat grains. Lysenko is inexhaustible for such ideas. This "People's Academician" of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1934), VASKhNIL (1935), Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1939) was the first of his colleagues to declare that pests are operating in science, and he qualified scientific polemics as political sabotage. So opponents-genetics ended up in camps and prisons, expelled from science. In 1938, after N.I. Vavilov and repressed scientists A.I. Muralov and G.K. Meister Lysenko took over as president of VASKhNIL. Pleasant lies for the authorities took the form of figures, graphs and rigged experiments; hoaxes were declared real. Lysenko was awarded the Stalin Prize three times (1941, 1943, 1949), the title of Hero of the Socialist. Labor (1945), received 8 Orders of Lenin. The heroic attempts of genetic scientists to explain the desks conclusively. the leaders of the harm of Lysenkoism (A.A. Lyubishchev, V.P. Efroimson in 1947, etc.) ended in their arrest. Lysenko's activities brought enormous harm to biology and led to a total ban on genetics for a long time.
Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovsky Marshal of the Soviet Union, commander of the 2nd Ukrainian Front. Born November 23, 1898 in Odessa. Ukrainian. After graduating from the parochial school in 1911, Malinovsky left home. In 1911-1913. worked as a laborer. In 1913-1914. an apprentice clerk in an Odessa haberdashery store. In 1914, he begged the soldiers going to the front to take him to the military echelon, after which he was enlisted as a volunteer in the machine gun team of the 256th Elisavetgrad Infantry Regiment. In October 1914 he received his first combat award - the St. George Cross of the 4th degree and was evacuated to the rear due to his wound. In February 1916, he arrived in France as part of the Russian expeditionary force, where he was awarded for bravery. After the February Revolution in Russia, Malinovsky was elected chairman of the company committee. Malinovsky agreed to join the Foreign Legion of the French army, where he fought until the surrender of Germany. In 1919 he returned to Russia and began to serve in the Red Army, fought on the Eastern Front against A.V. Kolchak. In the 1920s he went from platoon commander to battalion commander. In 1930 he successfully graduated from the Military Academy named after M.V. Frunze. In 1937-1938. participated in the Spanish Civil War on the side of the Republican government. During the mass repressions in 1937-1938. among the command staff, materials were collected on Malinovsky as a participant in the military-fascist conspiracy, but the case was not given a move. Since 1939 he taught at the Military Academy. M.V. Frunze. Malinovsky met the Great Patriotic War as the commander of the 48th Rifle Corps on the border of the USSR. In August 1941 he was appointed commander of the 6th Army and fought heavy defensive battles. In 1941-1942. commanded the Southern and North Caucasian Fronts. In 1942, he distinguished himself by commanding the defeat of the fascist army group, marching to the aid of the encircled German troops near Stalingrad. Since 1943, he commanded the troops of the Southern, then the South-Western Front, liberated Nikolaev and Odessa. He played a big role in the liberation of Romania, Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia. In 1944, Malinovsky was awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union. In August 1945, the troops of the Trans-Baikal Front under the command of R.Ya. Malinovsky dealt a crushing blow to the Kwantung Army of the Japanese and participated in the liberation of Northeast China and the Liaodong Peninsula. The title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the award of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal was awarded to Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovsky on September 8, 1945. After the war, Rodion Yakovlevich commanded the troops of the district, was the commander-in-chief of the ground forces. Since 1957, Minister of Defense of the USSR. Cavalier of the Order of Victory, five Orders of Lenin, three Orders of the Red Banner, two Orders of Suvorov I degree, many medals and orders of foreign countries. R.Ya. Malinovsky is a national hero of Yugoslavia. Died March 31, 1967. The ashes were buried in the Kremlin wall.
Poskrebyshev Alexander Nikolaevich (1891, Vyatka - 3.1.1965, Moscow), party leader, lieutenant general. Shoemaker's son. By profession a paramedic. In March 1917 he joined the RSDLP (b). Since 1922, he worked in the apparatus of the Central Committee, in 1923-1924 he was the head of the Administration of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), in 1924-1929, assistant I.V. Stalin. In 1929-1934, deputy head, head of the secret department, in 1934-1952 - a special sector of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Since August 1935, head of the office of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Since 1931, Stalin's personal secretary and his most trusted person. He carried out Stalin's personal tasks, prepared documents for him, etc. Through him, Stalin received all the information of any nature. For each document, Poskrebyshev attached a leaflet with a proposal for a specific solution, in most cases Stalin agreed with his recommendations. Since 1934 he was a candidate member, in 1939-1956 he was a member of the Central Committee of the party. Since 1946, a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. He was distinguished by his amazing capacity for work (his working day was at least 16 hours) and diligence. According to a number of memoirs and studies (though not confirmed by sources), Poskrebyshev was involved in most of the crimes of the regime, incl. the murder of G.K. Ordzhonikidze, the organization of political processes in 1936-1938, the "cause of doctors", etc. After the war, his wife - Bronislava Solomonovna, a distant relative of L.D. Trotsky, - was arrested, Poskrebyshev begged Stalin to save her, but he refused him; she spent 3 years in prison, and then was shot on charges of espionage. From 1952 Secretary of the Presidium and Bureau of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU. In November 1952, L.P. Beria managed to convince Stalin to remove Poskrebyshev from the Kremlin. "Perhaps Poskrebyshev is connected with the doctors' case," was one of Beria's arguments. In 1953 he was removed from active political life and retired. In his speech at the XX Congress of the CPSU, N.S. Khrushchev called him "Stalin's faithful squire." Buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
Russian architect, People's Architect of the USSR (1970), full member of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1979). Chief Architect of Moscow (1960-82). High-rise residential building on the square. Uprisings (1954), the Palace of Congresses in the Kremlin (1961), the construction of Novy Arbat (1964-69), the pavilions of the USSR at the World Exhibitions in Montreal (1967) and Osaka (1970) - with co-authors. Project Manager of the Master Plan for the Development of Moscow (approved in 1971). Lenin Prize (1962), State Prize of the USSR (1949, 1980).
Rokossovsky Konstantin Konstantinovich (9/21.12.1896-3.08.1968), Marshal of the Soviet Union (1944), Marshal of Poland (1949), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945). Born in the city of Velikiye Luki in the family of a railway worker. In the First World War - junior non-commissioned officer. Since October 1917 in the Red Guard, then in the Red Army. Member of the fighting on the CER. During the Great Patriotic War, he commanded the army in the Battle of Moscow, the Bryansk, Don fronts (in the Battle of Stalingrad), the Central, Belorussian, 1st 2nd Belorussian (in the Vistula-Oder and Berlin operations) fronts. In 1945-49 he was Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Group of Forces. In 1949 - 56 Minister of National Defense and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Poland. In 1956-57 and 1958-62 Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR.
(1896-1986) physicist, one of the founders of chem. physicist, founder of scientific schools, acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1932), Hero of the Socialist. Labor (1966, 1976). Graduated from Phys.-Math. f-t Petrogr. un-ta (1917). In 1920-31 he worked at the Phys.-Techn. in-those, at the same time. (since 1921) taught in Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (professor since 1928; Politekhnicheskaya st., 29; memorial plaque). Since 1931 dir. created by him Ying-ta chem. physicists of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, which in 1941 was evacuated to Kazan, in 1943 he was transferred to Moscow, where S. lived from that year; prof. Moscow State University. In 1957-63 Academician-secret. Department of Chemical Sciences, in 1963-71 Vice President. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Proceedings in the field of chemistry. kinetics, combustion theory. Author of the theory of chain reactions (1943). Nobel Ave. (1956, jointly with S. Hinshelwood), Stalinskaya Ave. (1941, 1949), Leninskaya Ave. (1976).
(real name Solovyov) Vasily Pavlovich (1907, St. Petersburg - 1979, Leningrad), composer, people. art. USSR (1967), Hero of the Socialist. Labor (1975). Graduated from Leningrad. the conservatory in the class of composition from P. B. Ryazanov (1936). From 1925 he worked as a pianist-improviser for Leningrad. radio, sports. and do-it-yourselfers. collectives. During Vel. Fatherland war organizer and hands. front-line variety theater "Yastrebok". In 1948-64 before. LO Union of Composers, in 1957-74 sec. Union comp. THE USSR. Master of mass song (St. 400). Melodich. the gift, spontaneity, penetratingness of his song lyrics won her immense popularity. Songs of S.-S. entered the life of millions, and "Moscow Evenings" (words by M. L. Matusovsky, 1956) became international. music emblem of Russia. Ch. theme of creativity S.-S. - military, soldier. In collaboration with A. I. Fatyanov created "On a sunny meadow" (1943), "Nightingales" (1944), "We have not been at home for a long time" (1945), "Where are you now, fellow soldiers" (1947) "Where Well you are my garden "(1948); with S. B. Fogelson - "Sailor Nights" (1945), with A. D. Churkin - "Evening on the raids" (1941), with M. V. Isakovsky - "Hear me, good" (1945). Author of the ballet "Taras Bulba" (Theater of Opera and Ballet named after S. M. Kirov. 1940, 1955), operettas and music. comedies, including "The most cherished" (1951), "Eighteen years" (1967), "At the native pier" (1970); music for 36 art. film, including "Heavenly slug" (1945), "First glove" (1946), "Maxim Perepelitsa" (1955), "She loves you" (1956), "Don story" (1964), to scientific-popular and dokum. k / f., to drama. performances and radio shows (c. 40). Stalinskie pr. (1943, 1947), Leninskaya pr. (1959). Genus. and lived until 1929 on Nevsky Prospekt, 139, then changed several. addresses. In 1950-79 he lived on the embankment. R. Fontanka, 131 (memorial plaque) and in the village. Komarovo (Bolshoi Ave., 17). He was buried at Literary bridges. In the name of S.-S. named variety-symphony. Orchestra of the television and radio company "Petersburg".
Titov German Stepanovich (born September 11, 1935, died September 20, 2000) (September 11, 1935, the village of Verkhnee Zhilino, Kosikhinsky District, Altai Territory - September 20, 2000, Moscow), Russian cosmonaut. Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR (1961), Colonel-General of Aviation (1988), Hero of the Soviet Union (1961). In the first detachment of cosmonauts of the USSR, German Titov was one of the best and was appointed understudy of Yu. A. Gagarin, while preparing for the first ever space flight on April 12, 1961. In August 1961, German Titov made a space flight on Vostok-2, which lasted 25 hours. Later he left the cosmonaut corps and worked as a test pilot. In 1968 he graduated from the Air Force Academy, worked in its experimental design department. Then he graduated from the Academy of the General Staff. He completed his military service in the position of First Deputy Commander of the Military Space Forces and the rank of Colonel General, the highest among Russian cosmonauts. In the last years of his life, he was a deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation from the Communist Party. Died in an accident. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
[R. 15 (28) 9.1915, Tbilisi], Soviet director, People's Artist of the USSR (1957), Doctor of Arts (1968). In 1938 he graduated from the directing department of GITIS. In 1938-46 director of the Tbilisi Russian Theater named after. Griboyedov, in 1946-49 he worked in the Moscow Central Children's Theater, in 1950-56 the chief director of the Leningrad Theater. Lenin Komsomol, since 1956 - the Bolshoi Drama Theater. Gorky. One of the sides of the director's talent T. - the desire for monumental, generalized forms. This was manifested in the performances "The Road of Immortality" (1951, based on the book by Y. Fuchik "The Word Before the Execution"), "The Death of the Squadron" by Korneichuk (1952) and in the most significant work - "Optimistic Tragedy" by Vishnevsky (1955), awarded the Lenin Prize ( 1958). Among the best performances of T. at the Bolshoi Drama Theater: "The Idiot" by Dostoevsky (1957, 1966), "Barbarians" (1959) and "Barbarians" (1966) by Gorky, "Virgin Soil Upturned" by Sholokhov (1964), "Three Sisters" by Chekhov (1965), "Restless old age" Rakhmanov (1970), "Khanuma" Tsagareli (1973). T. brought up a team of like-minded actors and contributed to the successful debuts of a number of playwrights (A. M. Volodina, V. S. Rozov, and others). Author of books on the theory and practice of directing creativity - "On the Profession of a Director" (1965) and "Circle of Thoughts" (1972). In 1939-46 he taught at the Georgian Theater Institute. Sh. Rustaveli, from 1962 he headed the department of directing at the Leningrad Institute of Theatre, Music and Cinematography (professor since 1960). Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 7th and 8th convocations. USSR State Prize (1950, 1952, 1968). He was awarded two orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, as well as medals.
(1883-1945) Born December 29 (January 11), 1883 in the village of Sosnovka, Samara province. His writing career began in 1907 with the publication of a collection of poems. The most significant works of Tolstoy belong to the Soviet period of creativity, although he spent the first years after the revolution in exile in Paris (1918-1921). He returned to the USSR and was subsequently awarded the Stalin Prize twice for his outstanding contribution to literature. During the Second World War, Tolstoy devoted a lot of energy to journalism and wrote numerous front-line essays. In the 1920s, Tolstoy published a number of fantastic works: the story Aelita (1922-1923), a depiction of a social upheaval on Mars; the play Revolt of the Machines (1925) and the novel Hyperboloid by engineer Garin (1925-1927), about a megalomaniac scientist who tries to enslave the world. The short story Blue Cities (1925) describes the confrontation between modern science and the patriarchal Russian village. The trilogy of the Pain, begun in Paris in 1921 and completed in 1941, is his most important work, a realistic picture of the life of Russian society, especially the intelligentsia, during the war and revolution. His Peter I (books 1-3, 1929-1945, unfinished) is considered the best historical novel of the Soviet period in the history of Russian literature. Tolstoy died in Moscow on February 23, 1945.
Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev - Soviet aircraft designer and scientist, one of the founders of the domestic aircraft industry. Tupolev, together with Zhukovsky, founded TsAGI (Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute). There, Tupolev created and headed the design bureau, which later developed all of his aircraft. Experiments showed that for the construction of heavy aircraft it is necessary to use light metals in aircraft construction, and under the leadership of Tupolev, the first Soviet all-metal aircraft, the ANT-2 and ANT-3, were built. Tupolev managed to put forward and implement ideas that determined the development of multi-engine bombers for decades to come. The monoplane scheme, the installation of engines on the wing, the placement of fuel tanks inside the wing have become integral features of aircraft of this class. Bombers, torpedo bombers, reconnaissance aircraft designed by Tupolev successfully fought on the fronts of World War II. In the post-war years, under the leadership of Tupolev, a number of military and civil aircraft were created: the Tu-12 jet bomber in 1947, the first Tu-104 jet passenger aircraft in 1954, the first Tu-114 turboprop intercontinental passenger airliner in 1957. Later, Tu-12 were made. 124, Tu-134, Tu-154. Tupolev also created supersonic aircraft, including the Tu-144 passenger aircraft. In total, more than 100 types of aircraft were created under the leadership of Tupolev.
(11/24(12/07/1910-10/24/1974), party member since 1930, member of the Central Committee since 1956 (candidate 1952), member of the Presidium of the Central Committee 06/29/57-10/17/61. (candidate from 02/27/56), Secretary of the Central Committee 02/27/56-05/04/60 Born in Vyshny Volochek, Tver province (Kalinin region). Russian. In 1941 she graduated from the Moscow Institute of Fine Chemical Technology. M. V. Lomonosov, in 1948 - VPSh under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. She began her career in 1928 as a weaver. In 1930-1933 and 1935-1937. at Komsomol work, in 1933-1935. studied. From 1942 secretary, second secretary, first secretary of the district party committee in Moscow. In 1950-1954. second secretary, in 1954-1957 First Secretary of the MGK CPSU. In 1956-1960. Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Since 1960 Minister of Culture of the USSR. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 3-5 and 7-8 convocations. She was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.
(1904, St. Petersburg - 1994), physicist and physical chemist, acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1953), Hero of the Socialist. Labor (1949, 1951, 1954). Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic in-t (1925; memorial plaque). From 1921 he worked at the Phys.-Techn. in-those, since 1931 - in the institute of chem. physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and other research institutes, prof. Leningrad. industrial institute (since 1934). In 1938 he left Leningrad. Works on nuclear physics, chem. kinetics, physics of combustion and explosion. One of the hands. nuclear project of the USSR. Gene. dir. and lifelong scholar. hands State. scientific center of the Russian Federation "Arzamas-16". Stalinskie pr. (1949, 1951, 1954), Leninskaya pr. (1956). Lived at 61 Lesnoy Avenue. Bust in the Alley of Heroes Moscow. Victory Park (1985, sculptor V. Kh. Dumanyan). Lit .: Man of the century Julius Borisovich Khariton. M., 1999; Cheparukhin V. V. Julius Borisovich Khariton and the Polytechnic Institute // Generals of the Spirit. SPb., 2000. Book. 1. S. 547-556. V. V. Cheparukhin.
(1903-78) Russian composer, People's Artist of the USSR (1954), Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Armenia (1963), Hero of Socialist Labor (1973), Doctor of Arts. In the melodically generous, rhythmically impulsive works of Khachaturian, the tonal system of European music organically merged with oriental harmony. The ballets "Gayane" (1942) and "Spartacus" (1954), 3 symphonies (1934-47), concertos for piano (1936), violin (1940) and cello (1946) with orchestra, music for the drama "Masquerade" by M. Y. Lermontov (1941). Professor of the Moscow Conservatory, Musical and Pedagogical Institute. Gnesins (since 1951). Acted as a conductor. Lenin Prize (1959), State Prize of the USSR (1941, 1943, 1946, 1950, 1971).
Khrennikov Tikhon Nikolaevich (born May 28, 1913, Yelets), composer, administrator, People's Artist of the USSR (1963). Hero of Socialist Labor (1973), three times winner of the Stalin Prize (1942, 1946, 1952). Educated at the Gnessin Musical College (1932) and the Moscow Conservatory (1936), a student of V.Ya. Shebalin and G.G. Neuhaus. In 1939 he wrote the opera Into the Storm (1939), which became "the first successful experience of translating a revolutionary theme into music", in which Khrennikov first brought V.I. Lenin. In 1950 he wrote the opera "Frol Skobeev" (1950). He wrote music for performances and films, incl. "The Pig and the Shepherd" (1941), "At six o'clock in the evening after the war" (1944), etc. In 1947 he joined the CPSU(b). Since 1948 General (since 1957 - 1st) Secretary of the Union of Composers of the USSR. In 1941-56 he was responsible for the musical part at the Theater of the Soviet Army. After the Great Patriotic War, he took part in the persecution of D. Shostakovich and the establishment of the "party line" in music, however, unlike the leadership of the Writers' Union, he was not involved in denunciations. After the death of I.V. Stalin retained his positions and remained for almost 40 years the only leader of Soviet music under N.S. Khrushchev, L.I. Brezhnev, Yu.V. Andropov, M.S. Gorbachev. At this time he wrote the operas "Mother" (1957), "The Golden Calf" (1985), the ballet "Love for Love" (1976), "Hussar Ballad" (1979), the operetta "One Hundred Devils and One Girl" (1963) and etc. Since 1961 a member of the Central Audit Commission of the CPSU, since 1976 a candidate member of the Central Committee. Since 1962 he has been a member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1967 he received the State, in 1974 - the Lenin Prize. In 1990 he became a prev. Union of Composers of the USSR.
Soviet pilot, Hero of the Soviet Union (July 24, 1936), brigade commander. Member of the CPSU since 1936. Born into a working class family. In 1919, he voluntarily joined the Red Army, worked as an aircraft assembler in an aviation park in Nizhny Novgorod. In 1921-1924 he studied at the Yegoryevsk and Borisoglebsk aviation schools, at the Moscow aerobatics school and the Serpukhov Higher School of Air Shooting and Bombing. Since 1924 he served in the Red Banner Fighter Squadron, became famous as a skilled pilot. Since 1930, he was a test pilot at the Air Force Research Institute, tested over 70 types of aircraft, developed and introduced new aerobatics: an upward spin and a slow roll. He possessed exceptional courage, perseverance and endurance. July 20-22, 1936 with G. F. Baidukov and A. V. Belyakov made a non-stop flight from Moscow to Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka and further to about. Udd (9374 km in 56 hours 20 minutes). On June 18-20, 1937, with the same crew, he flew from Moscow to Vancouver (USA) via the North Pole (8504 km in 63 hours and 16 minutes). Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st convocation. Awarded 2 Orders of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner. Killed while testing a new fighter. He was buried in Red Square near the Kremlin wall.
Shostakovich Dmitry Dmitrievich, Soviet composer, People's Artist of the USSR (1954), Hero of Socialist Labor (1966), Doctor of Arts (1965). Born in the family of an engineer. He graduated from the Leningrad Conservatory in piano with L. V. Nikolaev (1923) and composition with M. O. Steinberg (1925). In 1927 at the 1st International Piano Competition. F. Chopin (Warsaw) received an honorary diploma. He performed his own work. From 1937 he taught a composition class at the Leningrad Conservatory, and from 1943-48 at the Moscow Conservatory (professor since 1939). Among the students: R. S. Bunin, A. D. Gadzhiev, G. G. Galynin, O. A. Evlakhov, K. A. Karaev, G. V. Sviridov, B. I. Tishchenko, K. S. Khachaturian , B. A. Tchaikovsky.
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